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An action performed through language, such as requesting, promising, apologizing, or refusing.

言语行为；借助语言实施的请求、承诺、道歉或拒绝等行为

A group of lines forming a unit within a poem, often separated from other groups by space.

诗节；诗中形成一个单位的一组诗行，通常与其他诗节留有间隔

The grammatical matching of a verb with its subject in features such as person and number.

主谓一致；动词在人称、数等语法特征上与主语保持一致

A unit of spoken rhythm organized around a vowel sound or another sound that can serve a similar central role.

音节；以元音或能起类似核心作用的其他语音为中心组织的口语节奏单位

To stand for an idea or quality through an object, action, or image.

象征；通过物体、行动或形象代表某种观念或品质

The rules and patterns governing how words combine into phrases and sentences.

句法；词语组成短语和句子的规则与模式

To express the meaning of spoken, signed, or written content in another language.

翻译；用另一种语言表达口头、手语或书面内容的意义

The process of expressing content in another language, or the version produced by that process.

翻译；将内容转为另一种语言的过程，或由此产生的译文

The ways participants organize who contributes and when during a conversation or other interaction.

话轮转换；交谈或互动中参与者安排谁在何时发言或作出语言贡献的方式

A narrator whose account gives readers reason to question its accuracy, understanding, or judgment.

不可靠叙述者；其叙述的准确性、理解或判断值得读者怀疑的叙述者

An instance of spoken or signed language produced in a particular situation, which need not be a complete sentence.

话语；特定情境中说出或用手语表达的一段语言，不一定是完整句子

A speech sound produced with a relatively open vocal tract, without the narrowing or blockage typical of consonants.

元音；声道相对开放、不像辅音那样形成明显阻碍的语音

The arrangement of words within a phrase or sentence.

词序；短语或句子中词语的排列顺序

The greater prominence given to one syllable relative to others within a spoken word.

词重音；一个词中某个音节相对于其他音节更突出的现象

An organized set of signs and conventions used to represent a language in written form.

书写系统；用来以书面形式记录语言的一套符号与规则