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sharing of practices and ideas between communities

文化交流

inherited traditions and objects valued by a community

文化遗产

have existed since a particular past time

始于；可追溯到

work out the meaning of difficult writing

辨读；破译

relating to a ruling family and its continuity

王朝的；王室家族的

succession of rulers from the same family

王朝；朝代

territories controlled by a central ruling power

帝国

systematically dig to expose archaeological remains

发掘；挖掘

gradually lose strength or prosperity

逐渐衰落

historical organization through land and personal obligations

封建制度

strongly defended military building or place

要塞；堡垒

custom followed in caring for and burying the dead

丧葬习俗

troops stationed to defend a particular place

驻军；卫戍部队

objects placed with a dead person at burial

随葬品

person expected or entitled to inherit a title or property

继承人

passed within a family by inheritance

世袭的；继承的

person who researches and writes about the past

历史学家；历史研究者

description or explanation of past events

历史叙述；历史记述

conditions of a period that help explain an event

历史背景

relating to an empire or its ruler

帝国的；皇帝的

major shift toward machine production and factories

工业革命

soldiers trained to fight on foot

步兵

words cut or written on a lasting surface

铭文；刻文

belonging to the period between two wars

两次战争之间的；两次世界大战之间的

regional period marked by widespread iron use

铁器时代

state ruled by a king or queen

王国

aristocratic class whose status rests on landholding

土地贵族

free people or a place from oppressive control

解放；使摆脱压迫或占领

physical objects and spaces associated with a society

物质文化