คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Something bought or offered at a price that is low compared with its value or usual price.

便宜货；价格相对于价值或通常售价较低的商品

A condition that makes it difficult or costly for a new business to begin competing in a market.

进入壁垒；使新企业难以或需付出高成本进入市场的条件

Produced assets, such as machinery and buildings, used to make other goods or provide services.

资本；用于生产其他商品或提供服务的机器、建筑物等已生产资产

Negotiation between employers and workers' representatives, usually unions, about pay and other employment conditions.

集体谈判；雇主与通常由工会担任的劳动者代表就工资和其他雇佣条件进行的协商

The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

比较优势；相较另一生产者，能以更低机会成本生产商品或服务的能力

Rivalry between businesses seeking customers, sales, or other commercial opportunities.

竞争；企业为争取顾客、销售或其他商业机会而展开的较量

Able to attract customers by offering price, quality, or other advantages comparable to those of rival businesses.

有竞争力的；能凭借价格、质量等优势吸引顾客的

Goods commonly used together, so a rise in the price of one tends to reduce demand for the other, other things unchanged.

互补品；常配合使用、其中一种涨价通常会降低另一种需求的商品

To use goods or services to meet needs or wants, rather than to produce them for sale.

消费；使用商品或服务来满足需求或愿望，而非将其生产出来出售

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消费者；为使用而非转售或进一步经营性生产获取商品或服务的个人或家庭

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消费；个人或家庭为满足需求和愿望而使用商品及服务的活动

A business organization recognized as a legal entity separate from its owners, who typically hold shares.

公司；与所有者相区分的企业法人，所有者通常持有股份

A sustained decrease in the general level of prices across an economy.

通货紧缩；经济体总体价格水平持续下降

The relationship between prices and the quantities of a good or service that buyers are willing and able to purchase during a given period.

需求；一定时期内不同价格与买方愿意且能够购买的数量之间的关系

To end someone's employment, usually by a decision of the employer.

解雇；通常由雇主决定终止某人的雇佣关系

Income remaining after personal direct taxes and available for spending or saving.

可支配收入；扣除个人直接税后可用于消费或储蓄的收入

To reduce the size of a business or its workforce, often to lower costs or respond to reduced activity.

缩减规模；通常为降低成本或应对业务减少而缩小企业或员工队伍

Relating to the production, distribution, or use of goods and services, or the organization of an economy.

经济的；与商品和服务的生产、分配、使用或经济体系有关的

An increase over time in an economy's output of goods and services after allowing for price changes.

经济增长；扣除价格变化影响后，经济体商品和服务产出的增加

Reductions in average cost per unit that can occur when the scale of production increases.

规模经济；扩大生产规模时可能出现的平均单位成本下降

The system of producing, distributing, and using goods and services in a country, region, or other community.

经济；国家、地区或其他共同体生产、分配和使用商品及服务的体系

Describing demand or supply when a price change produces a larger percentage change in quantity, measured by magnitude.

有弹性的；价格变化引起的数量百分比变化幅度更大

To pay someone to do work as a member of an organization's staff.

雇用；付费让某人作为机构员工从事工作

A person who works for an employer in return for pay.

雇员；为雇主工作并领取报酬的人

A person or organization that pays people to work as its employees.

雇主；支付报酬并雇用员工的个人或机构

The state of having work for pay or profit, or the extent to which such work is available in an economy.

就业；拥有以获得报酬或利润为目的的工作，或经济体提供这类工作的情况

A business or organization engaged in commercial activity.

企业；从事商业活动的业务组织

A person who starts or organizes a business, taking on uncertainty and responsibility in pursuing an opportunity.

创业者；为把握机会而创办或组织企业，并承担不确定性和责任的人

Relating to starting or developing a business by recognizing opportunities and organizing resources.

创业的；与发现机会、组织资源以创办或发展企业有关的