คำศัพท์ TOEFL

A social identity associated with a perceived shared cultural background, such as ancestry, language, or traditions.

族裔身份；与共同祖源、语言或传统等文化背景相关的认同

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own, often treating one's own culture as superior.

民族中心主义；以本文化标准评价其他文化的倾向

Using detailed observation and engagement with people to understand their everyday lives and cultural practices.

民族志的；采用民族志方法的

Detailed study and description of people's everyday lives and cultural practices, often based on extended fieldwork.

民族志研究；民族志

The accepted conventions for polite behavior in a particular social or professional setting.

礼仪；特定场合中公认的礼貌行为规范

A family network that includes relatives beyond parents and their children, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins.

大家庭；包括祖辈、叔伯姑姨或堂表亲等的家庭网络

A set of social expectations associated with a person's gender in a particular context.

性别角色；特定情境中与性别相关的社会期待

Change in a neighborhood involving higher-income newcomers and investment, often accompanied by rising costs and pressure on existing residents.

绅士化；较高收入人群与投资进入街区并常伴随生活成本上涨的变化

A system in which people or positions are arranged in ranks with different levels of power or status.

等级体系；层级结构

One person living alone or a group of people who share a home as their usual residence.

住户；共同通常居住在一处的人或独居者

A person's or group's understanding of who they are and how they relate to others.

身份认同；对自身及其与他人关系的理解

A person who moves into another country to make it their usual place of residence.

移民；迁入另一国家通常居住的人

The movement of people into another country to establish their usual residence there.

移民迁入；为通常居住而迁入另一国家

Describing peoples with longstanding connections to a territory predating later colonization or settlement, and their associated cultures.

原住民族的；与较晚殖民或移入之前的长期地域联系相关的

To develop large-scale manufacturing as an important part of an economy, or cause this development.

使工业化；发展以大规模制造业为重要部分的经济

An unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, or treatment among people or social groups.

不平等；资源、机会或待遇分配不均

An established organization or system of practices that shapes important areas of social life.

社会机构；规范社会生活的重要制度

Connected with the structures, rules, or practices of an established organization or social institution.

机构的；制度层面的

To make a practice or arrangement an established and lasting part of an organization or society.

使制度化；使某种做法成为稳定的制度安排

To join in the life of a shared community or institution, or help people or groups participate rather than remain separated.

融入；使融入；使不同群体共同参与

Involving relationships, exchanges, or differences between people of different generations.

代际的；涉及不同世代之间关系的

To marry across boundaries between social, cultural, religious, or other recognized groups.

通婚；不同社会、文化或宗教等群体之间结婚

The movement of people to a new place of usual residence within the same country.

国内迁移；在同一国家内迁往新的通常居住地

Socially recognized relationships of family connection, including ties understood through descent, marriage, adoption, or other local practices.

亲属关系；社会认可的家庭联系

A group that makes up more than half of a specified population.

多数群体；占特定人口一半以上的群体

To place people or groups in a position where their views, needs, or participation receive little attention.

使边缘化；使某些群体缺少参与和发声机会

A group within a society that is smaller in number or has less social power than a dominant group.

少数群体；人数较少或社会权力较弱的群体

To organize people and resources so that a group can take coordinated action.

动员；组织人员与资源开展行动

Changes in institutions, technologies, and everyday arrangements associated with movement toward more contemporary forms of social organization.

现代化；制度、技术和生活安排向现代社会形式转变的过程