คำศัพท์ TOEFL

A condition that restricts actions or possibilities.

限制条件；约束；限制行动或可能性的情况

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

包含；容纳

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主张；认为；坚持认为

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

内容；作品或交流中包含的信息和想法

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

背景；语境；情境

to keep happening or doing something, or to begin doing it again after a break

继续；持续；接着进行

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

连续性；延续性

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；在相同相关条件下不能同时为真的陈述或主张之间的冲突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

相互矛盾的；在同一方面不能同时成立的

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

对比；明显差异；将事物并置考察时突出的不同

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

促成；是……的原因之一

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

贡献；为共同成果提供的帮助、工作或资源

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

常规的；遵循普遍认可方式的

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

反过来；相反地

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

转换；转变用途或形式

Able to make someone believe that a claim or explanation is true or reasonable.

有说服力的；使人相信某个主张或解释真实或合理的

matching another thing in position, function, or a stated relationship

相对应的；在位置或关系上匹配的

used to ask someone politely to carry out an action

能否请您……

An argument offered against another argument, position, or proposed conclusion.

反方论证；针对另一论证、立场或拟议结论提出的反对理由

An example that shows a general claim does not hold in every case it is meant to cover.

反例；说明某个普遍性主张并非适用于其声称涵盖的所有情况的例子

A person or thing with a corresponding role elsewhere.

对应的人或事物；在另一处承担相应角色的对象

to make something new or cause it to come into existence

创造；创建；使产生

a standard used to judge something or decide between alternatives

标准；准则

extremely important because it can strongly affect the outcome

至关重要的；关键的

to take action to manage a problem, responsibility, or situation

处理；应对

to discuss an issue by considering different or opposing arguments

辩论；讨论不同意见

to become lower, weaker, or less common over time

下降；衰退；减少

to become less in amount, number, or degree, or make something less

减少；降低；使减少

to reach a conclusion by reasoning from information or facts already available

推断；推导出