คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Poetry that does not follow a fixed regular meter and allows flexible line lengths and sound patterns.

自由诗；不遵循固定规则格律、诗行长度与声音模式较灵活的诗歌

A category of literary or other artistic work with recognizable conventions of form, subject, or style.

体裁；具有共同形式、题材或风格惯例的作品类别

The patterns and rules by which a language forms words, phrases, and sentences.

语法；语言构成词、短语和句子的规则与模式

Following the structural rules of a particular language or language variety.

合乎语法的；符合某种语言或语言变体的结构规则的

A system of noun classes reflected in agreement with other words, often labeled masculine, feminine, or neuter.

语法性；通过与其他词的一致关系体现的名词分类系统，类别常称阳性、阴性或中性

A language connected with a person's family or community background that differs from the dominant language of the surrounding society.

传承语；与个人家庭或社群背景相关、不同于周围社会主导语言的语言

An established expression whose overall meaning cannot be reliably worked out from its individual words alone.

习语；整体含义不能仅凭各个词的字面意思可靠推断的固定表达

Descriptive language that evokes sensory experience, including sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touch.

意象；唤起视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉或触觉体验的描写语言

To change a word's form to express grammatical information such as tense, number, or case.

使词发生屈折变化；通过词形变化表达时态、数或格等语法信息

The pattern of rising and falling voice pitch across a spoken phrase or sentence.

语调；短语或句子中音高的升降模式

A system of words or signs and rules that people use to communicate and express thought.

语言；人们用来交流和表达思想的词语或符号及规则系统

The process through which a person develops knowledge and use of a language.

语言习得；逐步掌握并使用一种语言的过程

Interaction between speakers or communities using different languages, which can influence their language use.

语言接触；使用不同语言的人或群体之间可能影响语言使用的互动

A group of languages understood to have developed from a common ancestral language.

语系；被认为源自同一祖语的一组语言

Relating to language, its structure and use, or the study of language.

语言的；语言学的

The systematic scientific study of human language, including its structure, use, development, and variation.

语言学；系统研究人类语言结构、使用、发展和变异的学科

Using the basic or direct meaning of words rather than a figurative interpretation.

字面的；本义的；非比喻义的

Connected with literature or the ways in which literary works are written and studied.

文学的；与文学创作或研究有关的

Written or oral works valued as artistic expression, such as novels, poems, and traditional stories.

文学；具有艺术表现力的书面或口头作品

A word adopted into one language from another, often with changes in pronunciation, spelling, or use.

外来词；从其他语言借入、发音、拼写或用法可能发生变化的词

Using written signs that represent words or morphemes rather than only individual speech sounds.

语素文字的；使用代表词或语素、而非仅代表单个语音的书写符号的

An expression that describes one thing as another to suggest a similarity rather than a literal identity.

隐喻；把一种事物说成另一种事物以暗示相似之处的表达

An organized rhythmic pattern in verse, often based in English on arrangements of stressed and unstressed syllables.

格律；诗歌中有组织的节奏模式，英语中常基于重读与非重读音节的排列

Two words in a language that differ in only one speech sound in the same position and have different meanings.

最小对立体；同一语言中仅有同一位置的一个语音不同、意义也不同的一对词

Able to use only one language, or involving only one language.

单语的；只使用或涉及一种语言的

The smallest language unit that pairs a form with meaning or a grammatical function.

语素；将形式与意义或语法功能相结合的最小语言单位

The study or system of word structure, including the meaningful parts from which words are formed.

形态学；词的结构及其有意义的构成部分的研究或体系

To tell a story or describe a connected sequence of events.

叙述；讲述一连串事件

A connected account of events presented as a story, whether invented or based on experience.

叙事；以故事形式呈现的连贯事件描述