คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Writing presented as being about real people, events, or subjects rather than invented stories.

非虚构作品；以真实人物、事件或事物为内容的写作

Communicating through cues such as posture, gaze, or gesture rather than through words.

非言语的；通过姿态、目光或动作等线索，而非词语进行表达的

A long fictional story usually written in prose and published as a book.

长篇小说

The passing of stories, knowledge, and customs between generations through spoken performance and communication.

口述传统；通过口头讲述和表演代代传承故事、知识与习俗的方式

The conventional rules and practices for writing a language, especially its spelling.

正字法；某种语言的规范书写规则与惯例，尤其指拼写

A grammatical construction in which the subject typically receives or is affected by the action, while the agent may be omitted.

被动语态；主语通常是动作的承受者或受影响者，施事者可以省略的语法形式

A sound category that can distinguish one word from another in a particular spoken language.

音位；在某一种口语中能够区分词义的语音类别

The representation of speech sounds using a systematic set of symbols rather than ordinary spelling.

语音转写；用一套系统符号而非普通拼写记录语音

The connected events of a story and the way they are arranged to develop its action.

情节；故事中相互关联的事件及其安排

Relating to poetry or to expressive techniques associated with it.

诗歌的；与诗歌表现手法有关的

Literary expression that gives particular attention to the sound, rhythm, imagery, and arrangement of language, often in lines.

诗歌；注重语言的声音、节奏、意象与排列方式的文学表达

The perspective from which a story is told, which shapes the information and judgments readers receive.

叙事视角；影响读者获知的信息与判断的故事讲述角度

The study of how context, speaker intentions, and shared knowledge contribute to meaning in language use.

语用学；研究语境、说话者意图和共有知识如何影响语言使用中意义的学科

To produce the spoken sounds of a word or expression.

发音；读出词或表达的语音

The way a word or language is spoken, including its individual sounds and stress patterns.

发音；词或语言的语音及重音等读法

Written language arranged in sentences and paragraphs rather than lines of verse.

散文体；以句子和段落而非诗行组织的书面语言

To use marks such as commas and periods to organize written text and clarify its structure or meaning.

加标点；用逗号、句号等符号组织书面文本并明确结构或意义

A way of using language associated with a particular situation, audience, purpose, or field.

语域；与特定情境、受众、目的或领域相关的语言使用方式

A clause that gives information about a noun or noun phrase, often introduced in English by who, which, or that.

关系从句；对名词或名词短语作说明的从句，英语中常由who、which或that引导

To share matching final sounds, especially in poetic lines; in full rhyme, the match starts with the final stressed vowel.

押韵；词尾声音相同，完全押韵从最后一个重读元音开始相同

The pattern in which the final sounds of poetic lines rhyme, often represented with letters.

韵式；诗行末尾的押韵排列模式，常用字母表示

A set of written signs used to represent one or more languages.

文字；用于记录一种或多种语言的一套书写符号

A language learned in addition to a person's first language or languages, not necessarily the second in a numerical sequence.

第二语言；第一语言之外学习的语言，并不一定按顺序恰好排第二

A change over time in what a word or expression means.

语义变化；词或表达的意义随时间发生的变化

The study of meaning in language, especially the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.

语义学；研究语言中词、短语和句子等的意义的学科

The time, place, and surrounding social conditions in which a story happens.

背景；故事发生的时间、地点及社会环境

A fictional prose narrative that is much shorter than a novel and usually has a limited focus.

短篇小说

A natural language that uses patterned hand movements, facial expressions, and body positions, usually perceived visually or sometimes through touch.

手语；通过有规则的手部动作、面部表情和身体姿态表达，通常由视觉、有时由触觉感知的自然语言

An expression that explicitly compares different things, commonly using like or as.

明喻；通常使用like或as明确比较不同事物的表达