คำศัพท์ TOEFL

A good or service that buyers can use instead of another to meet a similar need.

替代品；能代替另一商品或服务满足相近需求的事物

The relationship between prices and the quantities of a good or service that sellers are willing and able to offer during a given period.

供给；一定时期内不同价格与卖方愿意且能够提供的数量之间的关系

A market situation in which the quantity sellers offer exceeds the quantity buyers want and can purchase at the stated price.

过剩；在既定价格下供给量超过需求量

A tax charged on goods crossing a national border, most commonly on imports.

关税；对跨越国境的商品征收、最常见于进口商品的税

The buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services, particularly between regions or countries.

贸易；商品和服务的买卖或交换，尤指地区或国家之间的交易

An excess of the value of a country's imports over its exports for the stated goods or services coverage and period.

贸易逆差；在所说明的商品或服务统计范围和时期内，进口额超过出口额

Without work for pay or profit, available to work, and actively seeking work in the standard labor-statistics sense.

失业的；在通常的劳动统计口径下，没有工作、能够工作并积极求职的

The condition of people being without work while available for and seeking jobs, or its extent in an economy.

失业；能够并正在求职的人没有工作的状况，或其在经济体中的程度

A cost that changes as the quantity of goods or services produced changes.

可变成本；随商品或服务产量变化而变化的成本

Payment for work, often calculated by the hour or day and paid at regular intervals.

工资；通常按小时或天计算并定期支付的劳动报酬

Relating to selling goods mainly to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to individual consumers.

批发的；主要向零售商或其他企业而非个人消费者销售商品的

The people working for a particular organization or in a particular area or activity.

劳动力队伍；在某机构、地区或行业工作的人群