คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Time spent working beyond a job's normal scheduled hours.

加班；超出岗位正常安排工时的工作时间

A business arrangement in which two or more parties share ownership or responsibility for running an enterprise.

合伙；两方或多方共同拥有企业或承担经营责任的商业安排

A measure of how responsive quantity demanded or supplied is to price, calculated using percentage changes in quantity and price.

价格弹性；用数量和价格的百分比变化衡量需求量或供给量对价格的反应程度

To make goods or provide services through an organized economic activity.

生产；通过有组织的经济活动制造商品或提供服务

The organized use of resources to make goods or provide services.

生产；有组织地利用资源制造商品或提供服务

Producing a substantial amount of goods or useful work relative to the resources used.

高效的；相对于所用资源能创造较多产品或完成较多有效工作的

The amount of output produced in relation to the inputs used, such as output per hour of work.

生产率；产出相对于所用投入的数量，如每工时的产出

The amount by which a business's revenue exceeds its costs over a particular period or activity.

利润；一定时期或经营活动中收入超过成本的部分

Producing revenue greater than the costs of running an activity or business.

盈利的；经营收入超过成本的

The use of measures such as tariffs or import limits to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

贸易保护主义；利用关税或进口限制等措施保护本国生产者免受外国竞争的做法

To obtain something by paying for it.

购买；支付款项取得某物

The quantity of goods and services that a sum of money or an income can buy.

购买力；一定金额或收入能够购买的商品和服务的数量

An official limit on the quantity or value of a product that may be imported or exported during a specified period.

配额；对一定时期内商品进出口数量或金额设定的官方限额

A substantial decline in economic activity spread across an economy and lasting for an extended period.

经济衰退；广泛影响经济体并持续一段时期的经济活动显著下滑

The loss of a job because the employer no longer needs that position, especially in British employment usage.

裁员；因雇主不再需要某个岗位而失去工作，尤见于英式用法

No longer needed in a job because the employer has removed the need for that position, especially in British usage.

因岗位不再需要而被裁员的，尤见于英式用法

Work performed away from an employer's usual workplace, often using digital communication.

远程工作；离开雇主通常工作场所、常借助数字通信开展的工作

To formally leave a job or position by one's own decision.

辞职；自行决定正式离开工作或职位

A short document presenting a person's relevant education, work experience, and skills when applying for a job.

简历；求职时介绍相关教育、工作经历和技能的简要文件

Relating to selling goods directly to consumers, usually in quantities for personal use.

零售的；与直接向消费者销售通常供个人使用的商品有关的

To learn new occupational skills, or teach them to workers, so they can perform different or changed work.

再培训；学习或教授新的职业技能，以适应不同或变化后的工作

A fixed regular payment for a job, commonly stated as an annual amount and paid in installments.

薪金；工作中固定、定期支付的报酬，常以年薪表示并分期发放

Income a business earns from selling its goods or services before deducting the costs of providing them.

销售收入；企业销售商品或服务取得、尚未扣除相关成本的收入

The condition in which available resources are limited relative to the uses people would like to make of them.

稀缺性；资源相对于人们的多种用途而言有限

Working for oneself through a business or independent activity rather than as an employee of another organization.

自雇的；通过自己的业务或独立经营活动工作，而非受雇于其他机构的

A person or organization that owns one or more shares in a company.

股东；持有公司一股或多股股份的个人或机构

A market situation in which the quantity buyers want and can purchase exceeds the quantity sellers offer at the stated price.

短缺；在既定价格下需求量超过供给量

Having the training, knowledge, and practiced ability needed to perform a particular kind of work well.

熟练的；具备完成某类工作所需训练、知识和实践能力的

A coordinated stoppage of work by employees intended to press a demand or protest an employment issue.

罢工；雇员为提出要求或抗议劳动问题而共同停止工作