คำศัพท์ TOEFL

A market state in which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded at the prevailing price.

均衡；在当前价格下供给量与需求量相等的市场状态

The price of one currency expressed in units of another currency.

汇率；以另一种货币单位表示的一种货币的价格

To sell or send goods or services to another country.

出口；向另一国家销售或运送商品或服务

A cost that does not change with the amount produced over the relevant short period and operating range.

固定成本；在相关短期和经营范围内不随产量变化的成本

An arrangement allowing some choice about when work begins, ends, or is scheduled, within agreed requirements.

弹性工作时间；在约定要求内可对开始、结束或安排工时作出一定选择的制度

International exchange conducted with few or no government barriers such as tariffs or import quotas.

自由贸易；较少或没有关税、进口配额等政府壁垒的国际交换

The total value of final goods and services produced within an economy's territory during a specified period.

国内生产总值；一定时期内在某经济体境内生产的最终商品和服务的总价值

To select and employ someone for paid work.

聘用；选定并雇用某人从事带薪工作

A sustained increase in the general level of prices across an economy.

通货膨胀；经济体总体价格水平持续上涨

A resource used in producing goods or services, such as labor, materials, energy, or equipment.

投入要素；生产商品或服务所使用的劳动力、材料、能源或设备等资源

Interest charged or paid over a stated period, expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed or deposited.

利率；一定时期内利息占借款或存款金额的百分比

Spending that creates or adds to capital goods, buildings, or inventories in the economic production sense.

投资；在经济生产意义上，用于新建或增加资本品、建筑物或存货的支出

The degree of confidence that a person can keep their job and avoid involuntary loss of employment.

工作保障；相信能够保住工作、避免非自愿失业的程度

A paid position that is available for someone to fill.

职位空缺；可供人员应聘填补的带薪岗位

The physical or mental work people contribute to producing goods and services.

劳动；人们为生产商品和服务投入的体力或脑力工作

An organization of workers that represents their shared interests in dealings with employers.

工会；在与雇主交涉时代表劳动者共同利益的组织

The work of directing an organization's activities, or the people responsible for doing so.

管理；指导机构活动的工作，或负责管理的人员

Relating to the responsibilities or skills involved in directing a business or supervising its work.

管理的；与经营企业或监督工作所需的职责、技能有关的

To make goods, usually in substantial quantities with machinery and an organized process.

制造；通常利用机器和有组织的流程批量生产商品

An arrangement through which buyers and sellers exchange a particular type of good or service.

市场；买卖双方交换某类商品或服务的体系

A firm's sales as a proportion of total sales in a specified market during a given period.

市场份额；一定时期内企业销售额或销量占特定市场总量的比例

To combine two or more businesses into one organization.

合并；把两家或多家企业组成一个组织

The combination of previously separate businesses into one organization.

合并；原本独立的企业组合成一个组织

The lowest rate of pay legally permitted for workers covered by a particular wage rule.

最低工资；某项工资规定所覆盖劳动者依法可获得的最低报酬标准

A market arrangement in which one seller supplies a product with no close substitutes and faces barriers protecting its position.

垄断；单一卖方提供缺乏近似替代品的产品，并受到进入壁垒保护的市场格局

To discuss terms with another party in order to reach an agreement, especially about work or business.

谈判；协商；与另一方讨论工作或商业条款以达成协议

A market dominated by a small number of large sellers whose decisions affect one another.

寡头垄断；少数大型卖方占据主导、决策相互影响的市场格局

The value of the best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made.

机会成本；作出选择时放弃的最佳替代方案的价值

The goods or services produced by a firm, industry, or economy, or their quantity over a period.

产出；企业、行业或经济体生产的商品、服务及其数量