คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Support that people exchange to meet one another's needs through cooperation.

互助；人们通过合作相互提供的支持

An area of a town or city where people live and share nearby streets and facilities.

街区；社区地段

The difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number moving out during a period.

净迁移；一定时期迁入人数与迁出人数之差

Not organized to distribute profits to owners or shareholders, but to pursue a stated purpose.

非营利的；不以向所有者分配利润为目的的

A shared expectation about behavior considered usual or acceptable within a group.

社会规范；群体对通常或可接受行为的共同期待

A family unit consisting of parents and their children, rather than a wider set of relatives.

核心家庭；由父母与子女组成而不包括更广泛亲属的家庭单位

To give knowledge, practices, or valued possessions to people of a later generation.

传承；把知识、习俗或珍视的物品传给后代

The use of money, time, or other resources to promote the welfare of others, especially through organized giving.

慈善事业；以捐赠和其他资源促进他人福祉的活动

An increase in the number of people living in a particular area over time.

人口增长；某地区人口数量随时间增加

A chart showing the age distribution of a population, usually with separate horizontal bars for females and males.

人口金字塔；通常按年龄和性别分列的人口结构图

Having advantages or opportunities that are not equally available to other people.

享有特权或优势的

The exchange of actions, assistance, or resources in which people respond to what others provide.

互惠；对他人所提供帮助或资源作出相应回馈

To move to a different place to live or operate, or move someone or something there.

搬迁；迁往新的居住或活动地点

Money sent by someone living away from home to people in their place of origin, often across national borders.

汇款；在外居住者寄回原居地的款项

To establish a home in a different place, or help people do so, especially after they have had to leave.

重新安置；在其他地方重新定居

A set of actions performed in an established way because they have shared symbolic, social, or religious meaning.

仪式；具有共同象征、社会或宗教意义的固定行为

The movement of people from countryside settlements to towns or cities to establish a new usual residence.

农村向城镇迁移；从乡村迁往城镇通常居住

Not organized around religious beliefs, authority, or purposes.

世俗的；非宗教性的

A process in which religious institutions, beliefs, or practices become less influential in particular areas of social life.

世俗化；宗教在某些社会生活领域中的影响减弱的过程

The separation of social groups in spaces, institutions, or activities, often linked to unequal treatment or opportunity.

社会隔离；群体隔离

A household in which one parent lives with and raises a child or children without a partner living there.

单亲住户；一名家长与子女共同生活且无伴侣同住的住户

Resources and opportunities available through social relationships, trust, and networks of cooperation.

社会资本；通过社会关系、信任与合作网络获得的资源和机会

A grouping in society associated with similar economic resources, occupations, and social standing.

社会阶层

The strength of connections and willingness to cooperate among members of a society or community.

社会凝聚力；社会成员之间的联系与合作意愿

Movement by individuals or groups between positions in a society's system of class or status.

社会流动；个人或群体在阶层或地位之间的变动

A sustained collective effort to bring about or resist changes in society.

社会运动；推动或抵制社会变化的持续集体行动

A set of social connections linking people or groups to one another.

社会关系网络；连接个人或群体的人际关系

A person's or group's position or standing within a society or social setting.

社会地位；个人或群体在社会中的位置与声望

The relatively stable arrangement of relationships, roles, and institutions within a society.

社会结构；社会关系、角色与制度的相对稳定安排