คำศัพท์ TOEFL

The allocation of attention to more than one task or source of information.

分配性注意；在多项任务或多个信息来源之间分配注意

A feeling such as joy, anger, or fear, often involving changes in thought, body, and behavior.

情绪；常伴随思维、身体或行为变化的感受

Processes that influence which emotions occur, how strongly or how long they are felt, or how they are expressed.

情绪调节；影响情绪的产生、强度、持续时间或表达的过程

To understand and relate to another person's feelings or experiences from their perspective.

产生共情；设身处地理解他人的感受

The ability to understand another person's feelings or experience them from that person's perspective.

共情；同理心；从他人立场理解其感受的能力

Memory of personally experienced events, including their setting and a sense of having lived through them.

情景记忆；关于亲身经历及其情境的记忆

Coming from outside an activity itself, especially as a separate reward or reason for doing it.

外在的；由活动本身之外的奖励或结果驱动的

A person who tends to seek social interaction and stimulation from people and activities around them.

外向者；较倾向社交互动和外部活动的人

A recollection of an event or detail that did not happen as remembered.

错误记忆；对未发生或并非如此发生的事件、细节的回忆

A rapid bodily response to a perceived threat that prepares a person or animal to confront it or escape.

战斗或逃跑反应；面对感知到的威胁时，为对抗或逃离作准备的身体反应

To direct attention toward a particular subject, activity, or feature.

集中注意；聚焦于

To be unable to bring information to mind or fail to remember something that should be done.

忘记；想不起来；忘了做某事

Often failing to remember things.

健忘的；容易忘事的

A change in judgment caused by the way the same or equivalent information is presented.

框架效应；相同或等价信息因呈现方式不同而引起的判断变化

To make someone feel upset or irritated because they cannot do what they are trying to do.

使感到受挫；因阻碍进展而使人烦恼

The unhappy or irritated feeling that occurs when progress or an intended goal is blocked.

挫败感；因目标受阻而产生的烦恼或不满

A pattern in which a group's desire for agreement interferes with careful evaluation of ideas and alternatives.

群体思维；过分追求一致而妨碍审慎评价的群体决策模式

A reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

习惯化；反复接触同一刺激后反应减弱

A perception that differs from the physical properties of the thing being perceived.

错觉；与被感知对象的实际特征不一致的知觉

To copy the actions, sounds, or behavior of another person.

模仿；仿照他人的动作、声音或行为

The copying of another person's actions or behavior.

模仿；对他人动作或行为的仿效

A sudden urge to do something, often without prior planning.

冲动；突然产生的行动欲望

Acting quickly in response to an urge without much consideration of the consequences.

冲动的；未充分考虑后果就迅速行动的

An expected benefit or reward that encourages someone to take a particular action.

激励因素；促使行动的预期好处或奖励

A clear understanding of a problem or relationship that was not previously obvious.

洞见；对问题或关系的深入领悟

Arising from the interest or satisfaction of an activity itself rather than from an outside reward.

内在的；源自活动本身的兴趣或满足的

A person who tends to be more oriented toward inner thoughts and quieter, less socially stimulating activities.

内向者；较倾向内在思考和较安静活动的人

An immediate feeling or understanding that arises without deliberate step-by-step reasoning.

直觉；未经逐步有意识推理而产生的感觉或判断

Based on an immediate feeling or understanding rather than conscious step-by-step reasoning.

直觉的；基于直接领会而非逐步推理的