คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Something valued that is received or offered in return for an action or achievement.

奖励；因某种行动或成果而获得或被承诺给予的好处

Focusing on selected information while giving less attention to competing information.

选择性注意；关注部分信息而较少注意竞争信息

The ability to manage impulses and actions in order to follow chosen goals or standards.

自我控制；为遵循目标或标准而管理冲动和行动的能力

A person's overall sense of their own worth or value.

自尊；对自身价值的总体评价

Memory for general facts, concepts, and meanings, rather than for a particular personal experience.

语义记忆；关于一般事实、概念和意义的记忆

An experience produced when the senses detect stimulation, such as pressure, sound, or light.

感觉；感官受到刺激后产生的体验

The temporary holding of a limited amount of information for immediate use.

短时记忆；暂时保存少量信息以供即时使用

Nervous or uncomfortable when meeting or speaking with other people.

害羞的；社交时感到紧张或不自在的

An oversimplified general belief about the characteristics of a group of people.

刻板印象；对某一群体特征的过度概括

An event, object, or change that can produce a sensory or behavioral response.

刺激；能够引起感觉或行为反应的事件、物体或变化

Concern for someone who is experiencing difficulty or suffering.

同情；对他人困难或痛苦的关切

A person's characteristic style of emotional reaction, activity, and self-regulation, often apparent early in life.

气质；常在生命早期显现的情绪反应和活动风格

The understanding that other people have beliefs, intentions, and feelings that may differ from one's own and guide their behavior.

心理理论；理解他人有不同的信念、意图和感受，并据此行动

Happening or influencing behavior without a person being aware of it.

无意识的；未被本人觉察到的

A mental system that briefly holds information while a person actively uses or changes it during a task.

工作记忆；在执行任务时暂时保持并加工信息的心理系统