คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻击行为；意图在身体或心理上伤害他人的行为

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主义；不以个人回报为目的而关心和帮助他人

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

锚定偏差；判断时过度依赖最初数值或信息的倾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意；对特定信息或活动的心理集中

The length of time a person can keep attention on an activity or subject.

注意持续时间；能够持续专注于一项活动的时间

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

专注的；留心的

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

态度；对人、活动或议题的看法与感受

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

觉察；意识；对某事的注意和了解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

旁观者效应；有其他人在场时，个体较不容易主动提供所需帮助的倾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

经典条件作用；原先中性的线索与已有刺激建立联系后也能引发反应的学习

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

认知；获得、理解和运用信息的心理过程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

认知的；与思考、理解和记忆等心理活动有关的

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

认知偏差；可能使判断或解释失真的系统性思维倾向

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

认知发展；个体一生中思考、记忆、推理和理解的变化

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

使形成条件反应；通过关联或后果建立习得反应

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

条件反应；由经过学习形成联系的线索引发的反应

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

条件刺激；通过与另一刺激建立联系而能引发习得反应的线索

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

条件作用；通过事件关联或行为后果改变反应的学习

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

确认偏误；偏向支持既有信念的信息而较少关注反证的倾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

从众；调整行为以符合群体期望

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

从众；使行为或公开表达的观点符合群体期望

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

有意识的；能够觉察到的

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；探究和了解事物的愿望

Wanting to learn about something or find out more.

好奇的；想进一步了解的

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

决策；在可能的行动或选项之间作出选择的过程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

延迟满足；放弃眼前可得的奖励，等待较后的好处

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

深度知觉；感知距离和物体三维空间关系的能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

使分心；转移注意力

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

干扰注意力的事物；分心