คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Memory that keeps knowledge, experiences, and skills available over extended periods of time.

长时记忆；在较长时间内保存知识、经历和技能的记忆

A tendency to give greater psychological weight to a loss than to an equivalent gain.

损失厌恶；对损失赋予的心理权重高于等量收益的倾向

The ability to keep and retrieve information or experiences, or a particular experience that is remembered.

记忆；保存和回想信息的能力；记得的经历

A general emotional state that lasts for a period of time and may have no clear immediate cause.

心境；情绪状态；持续一段时间的总体感受

To give someone a reason or desire to begin or continue an activity.

激励；使有动力去做某事

The reasons or desires that lead someone to act and sustain effort toward a goal.

动机；推动行动并持续努力的原因或愿望

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because it removes, prevents, or delays something unpleasant.

负强化；行为移除、避免或推迟不愉快刺激，从而更可能再次发生

The act of following rules or direct instructions, especially those given by an authority.

服从；遵从规则或权威的直接指令

To do what a rule or a person giving an instruction requires.

服从；遵从指令或规则

The understanding that an object continues to exist when it is no longer directly perceived.

客体永久性；理解物体即使暂时看不到也仍然存在

Learning by watching other people's behavior and the consequences or results of that behavior.

观察学习；通过观察他人的行为及其后果而学习

Learning in which the consequences of a behavior change how likely that behavior is to occur again.

操作性条件作用；行为后果改变该行为以后出现概率的学习

A visual experience in which an object appears different from its actual size, shape, position, or other physical properties.

视错觉；视觉外观与物体实际特征不一致的现象

Friendly and comfortable starting conversations or spending time with other people.

外向友好的；乐于与人交往的

Influence from people of similar age or status that encourages someone to behave as they do or expect.

同伴压力；来自同龄人或同等地位者、促使人配合其行为的影响

To become aware of something through the senses or interpret how it appears.

感知；知觉到；把……理解为

The process of organizing and interpreting information received through the senses.

知觉；对感官信息进行组织和解释的过程

A person's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

人格；个性；较有特点的思维、感受和行为模式

To influence someone to accept an idea or take an action by offering reasons or making an appeal.

说服；通过理由或诉求使人接受想法或采取行动

The process of influencing another person's beliefs, attitudes, or actions through communication.

说服；通过沟通影响他人的信念、态度或行动

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because something is added after that behavior.

正强化；在行为后增加某种刺激，从而使该行为更可能再现

An unfair judgment or attitude toward someone based on their group membership rather than sufficient individual evidence.

偏见；因群体归属而非充分个体证据作出的不公正判断或态度

Intended to benefit other people or support their well-being.

亲社会的；旨在帮助他人或促进其福祉的

In behavioral learning, a consequence that makes the behavior it follows less likely to occur again.

惩罚；在行为学习中，使某行为以后更少发生的后果

To bring previously learned information or an earlier experience back into the mind.

回忆起；回想起学过的信息或经历

The identification of something as having been encountered before.

再认；认出曾经接触过的事物

To make a behavior more likely to occur again through a consequence that follows it.

强化；通过行为之后的后果增加该行为再现的可能性

A process in which a consequence increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.

强化；某种后果使行为更可能再次发生的过程

To keep information in the mind or bring a past experience back to mind.

记得；想起；记住