คำศัพท์ TOEFL

Rules and measures that determine who or what may use a computing resource and which actions are allowed.

访问控制；规定哪些人或程序可以使用计算资源、以及可执行哪些操作的规则和措施

To begin using a technology, system, or technical method as part of regular practice.

采用；开始把某项技术、系统或技术方法用于日常实践

The decision or process of beginning to use a technology, system, or technical method.

采用；开始使用技术、系统或技术方法的决定或过程

A precisely defined set of steps for solving a problem or performing a computation.

算法；解决问题或执行计算的一组明确步骤

A systematic pattern in a computer system's results that unfairly favors or disadvantages particular people or groups.

算法偏见；计算系统结果中对某些人或群体产生不公平影响的系统性倾向

A software program designed to help users perform particular tasks.

应用程序；用于完成特定任务的软件

The field and technologies concerned with computer systems that perform tasks such as recognizing patterns, making predictions, or generating responses.

人工智能；研究和实现识别模式、预测等任务的计算技术

The process of verifying the claimed identity of a user, device, or program.

身份验证；核查用户、设备或程序是否具有其所声称身份的过程

To give a user, program, or device permission to access a resource or perform a specified action.

授权；允许用户、程序或设备访问资源或执行指定操作

Operating through a set mechanism or program without a person manually starting each step.

自动的；不需要人手动启动每一步的

The use of machines or software to perform tasks with less direct human control.

自动化；使用机器或软件减少人工直接操作的方式

A system that can perform specified tasks without continuous direct human control.

自主系统；无需持续人工直接控制即可执行指定任务的系统

To make a copy of digital information so it can be recovered if the original becomes unavailable.

备份；复制数字信息以便原件无法使用时恢复

A copy of data kept so that the information can be recovered if the original is lost or damaged.

备份；为原始数据丢失或损坏时恢复信息而保存的副本

The ability of a newer system or product to work with files, software, or equipment designed for an earlier version.

向后兼容性；较新系统或产品能够使用为早期版本设计的文件、软件或设备的能力

The data-carrying capacity of a connection, usually expressed as an amount of data per unit of time.

带宽；连接在单位时间内可承载的数据量

An internet access service that provides relatively high data-transfer capacity.

宽带；提供相对较高数据传输容量的互联网接入服务

A defect in a computer program that can make it behave incorrectly.

程序缺陷；导致软件行为不正确的错误

A software system that interacts with users through conversational text or speech.

聊天机器人；通过文字或语音对话与用户交互的软件系统

Software or a device that requests information or services from a server.

客户端；向服务器请求信息或服务的软件或设备

A service that stores data on remotely managed computing resources accessed through a network.

云存储；通过网络访问远程管理的计算资源来保存数据的服务

Instructions written in a programming language for a computer to interpret or execute.

代码；用编程语言编写的指令

To reduce the amount of space needed to represent digital information, using a method that may preserve or discard some detail.

压缩；用更少存储空间表示数字信息，具体方法可能保留或舍弃部分细节

The reduction of the space used to represent digital information, or the method used to achieve it.

压缩；减少数字信息所需存储空间的过程或方法

An electronic device that follows instructions to process, store, and communicate information.

计算机；电脑

To establish a link that allows devices or systems to exchange information.

连接；建立设备或系统之间的信息通路

To stop operating unexpectedly because of a problem in a computer or program.

崩溃；计算机或程序意外停止运行

Facts or information collected for use, including information represented in a form that computers can process.

数据；供使用或分析的事实与信息，也包括计算机可处理的信息表示

An incident in which information is accessed or disclosed without authorization, or exposed to such access.

数据泄露事件；信息被未经授权地访问、披露，或暴露于此类访问的事件