PTE

A market arrangement in which one seller supplies a product with no close substitutes and is protected from new competition by barriers to entry.

Gross domestic product valued at the prices prevailing in the period being measured, without adjusting for price changes over time.

The use of measures such as tariffs or import limits to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

An official limit on the quantity or value of a product that may be imported or exported during a specified period.

A substantial decline in economic activity spread across an economy and lasting for an extended period.

The condition in which available resources are limited relative to the uses people would like to make of them.

A market situation in which the quantity sellers offer exceeds the quantity buyers want and can purchase at the stated price.

A tax charged on goods crossing a national border, most commonly on imports.

the extent to which people recognize or know about a brand

To publicly recommend or express support for a product or service, often as part of its promotion.

Relating to starting or developing a business by recognizing opportunities and organizing resources.

Relating to the responsibilities or skills involved in directing a business or supervising its work.

a person or group with an interest in or affected by an organization or project

to formally find a defendant not guilty of a criminal charge

to take control of a territory and formally make it part of another state, often by force

a process in which a dispute is submitted to an agreed or appointed third party for a decision outside ordinary court proceedings

concentrating political power in a ruler or small group while restricting opposition and public participation

having authority to govern or make certain decisions without direct control by another body

involving members of two political parties or receiving support from both

The suppression or restriction of expression or access to information because an authority considers its content unacceptable.

a system of government in which major decisions are controlled by one central authority

arrangements that allow different government institutions to limit or scrutinize one another's exercise of power

basic freedoms that protect individuals against unjustified interference by government

political control over a territory and its people by a power based elsewhere

to establish political control over another territory, often by sending settlers there

an electoral district whose voters choose a representative in a legislative body

a change formally made to the basic rules of a state's constitution

to formally decide in criminal proceedings that someone is guilty of an offense

to transfer powers or responsibilities from a central authority to local or regional bodies