PTE

Having advantages or opportunities that are not equally available to other people.

To establish a home in a different place, or help people do so, especially after they have had to leave.

The movement of people from countryside settlements to towns or cities to establish a new usual residence.

Not organized around religious beliefs, authority, or purposes.

The separation of social groups in spaces, institutions, or activities, often linked to unequal treatment or opportunity.

The strength of connections and willingness to cooperate among members of a society or community.

Movement by individuals or groups between positions in a society's system of class or status.

The relatively stable arrangement of relationships, roles, and institutions within a society.

The process through which people learn and negotiate the expectations, values, and practices of social life.

To teach someone the expectations, values, and behavior associated with participation in a society or group.

Relating to the combined influence of people's social position and economic circumstances.

Concerned with social relationships, institutions, or patterns in society.

Unity and mutual support among people who share a concern, interest, or difficult situation.

A group within a wider society whose members share distinctive practices, interests, or values.

A strong social prohibition against a particular action, object, or topic within a group.

Extending across national borders through connections, activities, or relationships.

Movement toward a higher social or economic position.

An increase in the proportion of a population living in towns and cities.

To become more urban in population or physical character, or make an area more urban.

A condition that makes it difficult or costly for a new business to begin competing in a market.

Produced assets, such as machinery and buildings, used to make other goods or provide services.

Negotiation between employers and workers' representatives, usually unions, about pay and other employment conditions.

Goods commonly used together, so a rise in the price of one tends to reduce demand for the other, other things unchanged.

A sustained decrease in the general level of prices across an economy.

Income remaining after personal direct taxes and available for spending or saving.

Reductions in average cost per unit that can occur when the scale of production increases.

A market state in which the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded at the prevailing price.

Gross domestic product divided by the population of the economy, giving an average output value per person.

To develop large-scale manufacturing as an important part of an economy, or cause this development.