مفردات TOEFL

formally give up a throne

退位

belonging to a very distant historical period

古代的；远古的

formally take a territory into another state

兼并；吞并

the ancient past especially classical civilizations

古代；古典时代

distinct deposit preserving traces of past activity

考古地层

place preserving evidence of past human activity

考古遗址

study of past societies through physical remains

考古学

collection of preserved historical records

档案库；档案收藏

agreement to stop fighting

停战协定；停战

object made or modified by people in the past

人工制品；文物

surround a defended place to force surrender

围攻；围困

regional period marked by widespread bronze use

青铜时代

raised earth covering one or more graves

墓冢；坟丘

place where dead people were buried

墓葬地点；埋葬地

group traveling together with pack animals or vehicles

商队；旅行队

soldiers trained to fight while mounted on horses

骑兵

government directed from a single central authority

中央集权统治

arranged in the order events happened

按时间顺序的

the order and timing of past events

年代顺序；大事年表

independent state consisting of a city and nearby land

城邦

large organized society with developed institutions

文明；文明社会

coins issued or used by a state or community

铸币；流通硬币

control of a territory by an outside power

殖民统治

establish outside political control over a territory

殖民；在……建立殖民统治

territory controlled by a power based elsewhere

殖民地

begin to control a government or state

上台；掌权

honor the memory of a person or past event

纪念

take control of a place through military force

征服；攻占

ceremony formally crowning a ruler

加冕礼