مفردات TOEFL

how clean or polluted the air is

空气质量

underground material that can supply useful quantities of groundwater

含水层

extremely dry because precipitation is scarce

干旱的；少雨的

pressure exerted by the surrounding air

大气压；气压

carbon-containing gas central to respiration and climate

二氧化碳

greenhouse gas emissions attributable to a person, product, or activity

碳足迹

reservoir taking in more carbon than it releases over a period

碳汇

remove unwanted waste or contamination from an area

清理；清除污染

usual weather patterns over many years

气候

persistent change in average climate and its variability

气候变化

relating to land or water close to the sea

沿海的；海岸的

change from vapor into liquid droplets

凝结；冷凝

protection and responsible management of natural resources

保护；自然资源保护

protect resources by limiting wasteful use

节约；保护（资源）

introduce an unwanted substance into water, soil, or another material

污染；使受污染

condition or process of becoming impure through unwanted substances

污染；受污染

slow change in the positions of continents

大陆漂移

central metallic part of Earth beneath the mantle

地核

outermost solid rock layer of Earth

地壳

loss of forest cover as land is converted to other uses

毁林；森林砍伐与消失

reduce the available quantity of a natural resource

耗尽；大量消耗

loss of land productivity in dry climates

荒漠化

prolonged shortage of precipitation and available water

干旱；旱灾

sudden ground shaking caused by movement within Earth

地震

send gases or particles into the environment

排放；释放（气体或颗粒）

saving energy by limiting waste and consumption

节能；能源节约

gradually wear away soil or rock

侵蚀；被侵蚀

wearing away and movement of soil or rock by natural agents

侵蚀；侵蚀搬运

release lava, gas, or ash from a volcano

（火山）喷发