托福詞彙

Intended to help improve something through useful suggestions or practical criticism.

有建設性的；有助改善的

To use goods or services to meet needs or wants, rather than to produce them for sale.

消費；使用商品或服務滿足需求或欲望，而非生產它們來銷售

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消費者；取得商品或服務是為了使用，而非轉售或進一步從事商業生產的個人或家庭

A cultural setting in which buying and using goods plays an important role in identity, status, and everyday life.

消費文化；購買和使用商品在身分、地位與日常生活中扮演重要角色的文化環境

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消費；個人或家庭使用商品與服務，以滿足需求或欲望的活動

able to pass an illness between people

有傳染性的

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

包含；容納

introduce an unwanted substance into water, soil, or another material

污染；使受污染

condition or process of becoming impure through unwanted substances

污染；受污染

Belonging to the present period rather than to an earlier historical period.

當代的；屬於現今而非較早歷史時期的

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主張；認為；堅持認為

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

內容；作品或交流中包含的資訊與想法

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

背景；語境；情境

slow change in the positions of continents

大陸漂移

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

連續性；延續性

conflict with a claim or finding

與……矛盾；提供與某項陳述、解釋或先前結果不一致的資訊

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；陳述或主張在相同的相關條件下無法同時為真所產生的衝突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

相互矛盾的；同一方面不能同時成立的

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

對比；明顯差異；把事物並置檢視時突顯的不同

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

促成；是……的原因之一

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

貢獻；為達成共同成果而提供的協助、工作或資源

comparison group not receiving treatment

對照組；實驗中未接受所測試處理的群體

factor kept steady during a study

控制變項；保持不變，以免影響所研究關係的因素

An established way of behaving that people generally accept within a group or setting.

慣例；群體或特定場合普遍接受、約定俗成的行為方式

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

常規的；遵循普遍接受方式的

An exchange in which people speak with one another, usually in a relatively informal way.

交談；通常較為輕鬆隨意的人際口頭交流

To talk with another person or other people in an exchange of ideas or information.

交談；與他人交流想法或資訊

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

反過來；相反地

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

轉換；改變用途或形式