托福詞彙

A condition that restricts actions or possibilities.

限制條件；約束；限制行動或可能性的情況

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

包含；容納

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主張；認為；堅持認為

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

內容；作品或交流中包含的資訊與想法

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

背景；語境；情境

to keep happening or doing something, or to begin doing it again after a break

繼續；持續；接著進行

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

連續性；延續性

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；陳述或主張在相同的相關條件下無法同時為真所產生的衝突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

相互矛盾的；同一方面不能同時成立的

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

對比；明顯差異；把事物並置檢視時突顯的不同

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

促成；是……的原因之一

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

貢獻；為達成共同成果而提供的協助、工作或資源

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

常規的；遵循普遍接受方式的

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

反過來；相反地

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

轉換；改變用途或形式

Able to make someone believe that a claim or explanation is true or reasonable.

有說服力的；能使人相信某個主張或解釋真實或合理的

matching another thing in position, function, or a stated relationship

相對應的；在位置或關係上匹配的

To strengthen support for a statement or account by supplying additional evidence or information.

印證；透過補充證據或資訊，加強對某個陳述或記述的支持

An argument offered against another argument, position, or proposed conclusion.

反方論證；針對另一項論證、立場或擬議結論提出的反對理由

An example that shows a general claim does not hold in every case it is meant to cover.

反例；顯示某項普遍性主張並非適用於其聲稱涵蓋的所有情況的例子

A person or thing with a corresponding role elsewhere.

對應的人或事物；在另一處擔任相應角色的對象

to make something new or cause it to come into existence

創造；建立；使產生

a standard used to judge something or decide between alternatives

標準；準則

extremely important because it can strongly affect the outcome

至關重要的；關鍵的

to take action to manage a problem, responsibility, or situation

處理；應對

to discuss an issue by considering different or opposing arguments

辯論；討論不同意見

to become lower, weaker, or less common over time

下降；衰退；減少

to become less in amount, number, or degree, or make something less

減少；降低；使減少

to reach a conclusion by reasoning from information or facts already available

推斷；推導出