托福詞彙

The person or voice that tells a story, who may be distinct from its author.

敘述者；講述故事的人或聲音，可能不同於作者

Writing presented as being about real people, events, or subjects rather than invented stories.

非虛構作品；以真實人物、事件或事物為題材的寫作

A long fictional story usually written in prose and published as a book.

長篇小說

The passing of stories, knowledge, and customs between generations through spoken performance and communication.

口述傳統；透過口頭講述與表演，代代傳承故事、知識和習俗的方式

The conventional rules and practices for writing a language, especially its spelling.

正字法；某種語言的規範書寫規則與慣例，尤其指拼寫

A grammatical construction in which the subject typically receives or is affected by the action, while the agent may be omitted.

被動語態；主詞通常承受動作或受動作影響，而動作執行者可以省略的文法結構

A sound category that can distinguish one word from another in a particular spoken language.

音位；在特定口語中能區分詞義的語音類別

The representation of speech sounds using a systematic set of symbols rather than ordinary spelling.

語音轉寫；以一套系統化符號，而非一般拼寫來記錄語音

The connected events of a story and the way they are arranged to develop its action.

情節；故事中相互關聯的事件及其安排方式

Relating to poetry or to expressive techniques associated with it.

詩歌的；與詩歌或其表現手法有關的

Literary expression that gives particular attention to the sound, rhythm, imagery, and arrangement of language, often in lines.

詩歌；特別注重語音、節奏、意象與語言排列的文學表達

The perspective from which a story is told, which shapes the information and judgments readers receive.

敘事視角；影響讀者所獲資訊與判斷的故事講述角度

The study of how context, speaker intentions, and shared knowledge contribute to meaning in language use.

語用學；研究語境、說話者意圖和共有知識如何影響語言使用中意義的學科

To produce the spoken sounds of a word or expression.

發音；讀出詞語或表達的聲音

The way a word or language is spoken, including its individual sounds and stress patterns.

發音；詞語或語言的讀法，包括個別語音與重音模式

Written language arranged in sentences and paragraphs rather than lines of verse.

散文體；以句子和段落，而非詩行組織的書面語言

To use marks such as commas and periods to organize written text and clarify its structure or meaning.

加標點；以逗號、句號等符號組織書面文字，並明確呈現結構或意義

A way of using language associated with a particular situation, audience, purpose, or field.

語域；與特定情境、受眾、目的或領域相關的語言使用方式

A clause that gives information about a noun or noun phrase, often introduced in English by who, which, or that.

關係子句；提供名詞或名詞片語相關資訊的子句，英語中常由 who、which 或 that 引導

To share matching final sounds, especially in poetic lines; in full rhyme, the match starts with the final stressed vowel.

押韻；詞尾聲音相同，完全押韻則從最後一個重讀母音起相同

The pattern in which the final sounds of poetic lines rhyme, often represented with letters.

韻式；詩行末尾的押韻排列模式，常以字母表示

A set of written signs used to represent one or more languages.

文字；用於記錄一種或多種語言的一套書寫符號

A language learned in addition to a person's first language or languages, not necessarily the second in a numerical sequence.

第二語言；在第一語言之外學習的語言，不一定恰好是依序學習的第二種

A change over time in what a word or expression means.

語義變化；詞語或表達的意義隨時間發生的變化

The study of meaning in language, especially the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.

語義學；研究語言中詞語、片語和句子等意義的學科

The time, place, and surrounding social conditions in which a story happens.

背景；故事發生的時間、地點與周遭社會環境

A fictional prose narrative that is much shorter than a novel and usually has a limited focus.

短篇小說

A natural language that uses patterned hand movements, facial expressions, and body positions, usually perceived visually or sometimes through touch.

手語；透過有規則的手部動作、臉部表情和身體姿態表達，通常以視覺、有時以觸覺感知的自然語言

An expression that explicitly compares different things, commonly using like or as.

明喻；通常使用 like 或 as，明確比較不同事物的表達