托福詞彙

Time spent working beyond a job's normal scheduled hours.

加班；超出職位正常排定工時的工作時間

A business arrangement in which two or more parties share ownership or responsibility for running an enterprise.

合夥；兩方或多方共同擁有企業或承擔經營責任的商業安排

A measure of how responsive quantity demanded or supplied is to price, calculated using percentage changes in quantity and price.

價格彈性；用數量與價格的百分比變動，衡量需求量或供給量對價格的反應程度

To make goods or provide services through an organized economic activity.

生產；透過有組織的經濟活動製造商品或提供服務

The organized use of resources to make goods or provide services.

生產；有組織地運用資源製造商品或提供服務

Producing a substantial amount of goods or useful work relative to the resources used.

生產效率高的；相對於所用資源，能製造較多產品或完成較多有效工作的

The amount of output produced in relation to the inputs used, such as output per hour of work.

生產力；產出相對於所用投入的數量，例如每工時的產出

The amount by which a business's revenue exceeds its costs over a particular period or activity.

利潤；一定期間或經營活動中，收入超過成本的部分

Producing revenue greater than the costs of running an activity or business.

有獲利的；營運收入超過成本的

The use of measures such as tariffs or import limits to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

貿易保護主義；利用關稅或進口限制等措施，保護國內生產者免受外國競爭

To obtain something by paying for it.

購買；支付款項取得某物

The quantity of goods and services that a sum of money or an income can buy.

購買力；一定金額或收入能買到的商品與服務數量

An official limit on the quantity or value of a product that may be imported or exported during a specified period.

配額；政府對一定期間內商品進出口的數量或金額所設的限額

A substantial decline in economic activity spread across an economy and lasting for an extended period.

經濟衰退；廣泛影響經濟體，並持續一段時間的經濟活動顯著下滑

The loss of a job because the employer no longer needs that position, especially in British employment usage.

裁員；因雇主不再需要某職位而失去工作，尤其見於英式用法

No longer needed in a job because the employer has removed the need for that position, especially in British usage.

因職位不再需要而遭裁員的，尤其見於英式用法

Work performed away from an employer's usual workplace, often using digital communication.

遠距工作；在雇主一般工作場所之外，通常透過數位通訊進行的工作

To formally leave a job or position by one's own decision.

辭職；自行決定正式離開工作或職位

A short document presenting a person's relevant education, work experience, and skills when applying for a job.

履歷；求職時簡要介紹相關學歷、工作經驗與技能的文件

Relating to selling goods directly to consumers, usually in quantities for personal use.

零售的；與直接向消費者銷售通常供個人使用的商品有關的

To learn new occupational skills, or teach them to workers, so they can perform different or changed work.

重新訓練；學習或教授新的職業技能，以適應不同或改變後的工作

A fixed regular payment for a job, commonly stated as an annual amount and paid in installments.

薪資；固定且定期支付的工作報酬，常以年薪表示並分期發放

Income a business earns from selling its goods or services before deducting the costs of providing them.

銷售收入；企業銷售商品或服務取得、尚未扣除相關成本的收入

The condition in which available resources are limited relative to the uses people would like to make of them.

稀少性；相對於人們想運用資源的各種用途，資源是有限的

Working for oneself through a business or independent activity rather than as an employee of another organization.

自營的；透過自己的事業或獨立經營活動工作，而非受僱於其他機構的

A person or organization that owns one or more shares in a company.

股東；持有公司一股或多股股份的個人或機構

A market situation in which the quantity buyers want and can purchase exceeds the quantity sellers offer at the stated price.

短缺；既定價格下的需求量超過供給量

Having the training, knowledge, and practiced ability needed to perform a particular kind of work well.

熟練的；具備做好某類工作所需訓練、知識與實務能力的

A coordinated stoppage of work by employees intended to press a demand or protest an employment issue.

罷工；員工為提出訴求或抗議勞動問題，協同行動停止工作