托福詞彙

Not so expensive that the intended person or group cannot reasonably pay for it.

負擔得起的；對目標個人或群體而言，價格仍在合理支付能力範圍內的

Something bought or offered at a price that is low compared with its value or usual price.

划算的商品；價格相對於價值或平常售價較低的商品

A condition that makes it difficult or costly for a new business to begin competing in a market.

進入障礙；使新企業難以進入市場，或必須付出高額成本才能進入的條件

Produced assets, such as machinery and buildings, used to make other goods or provide services.

資本；已生產出來、用於製造其他商品或提供服務的機器、建築物等資產

Negotiation between employers and workers' representatives, usually unions, about pay and other employment conditions.

團體協商；雇主與通常由工會擔任的勞工代表，就薪資及其他僱用條件進行的協商

The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

比較利益；相較於另一個生產者，能以較低機會成本生產商品或服務的能力

Rivalry between businesses seeking customers, sales, or other commercial opportunities.

競爭；企業為爭取顧客、銷售或其他商業機會而展開的較量

Able to attract customers by offering price, quality, or other advantages comparable to those of rival businesses.

有競爭力的；能憑價格、品質等優勢吸引顧客的

Goods commonly used together, so a rise in the price of one tends to reduce demand for the other, other things unchanged.

互補品；常搭配使用，且其中一種漲價通常會使另一種需求降低的商品

To use goods or services to meet needs or wants, rather than to produce them for sale.

消費；使用商品或服務滿足需求或欲望，而非生產它們來銷售

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消費者；取得商品或服務是為了使用，而非轉售或進一步從事商業生產的個人或家庭

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消費；個人或家庭使用商品與服務，以滿足需求或欲望的活動

A business organization recognized as a legal entity separate from its owners, who typically hold shares.

公司；具有獨立於所有者的法人地位，所有者通常持有股份的企業組織

A sustained decrease in the general level of prices across an economy.

通貨緊縮；經濟體整體物價水準持續下降

The relationship between prices and the quantities of a good or service that buyers are willing and able to purchase during a given period.

需求；一定期間內，各種價格與買方願意且能夠購買的數量之間的關係

To end someone's employment, usually by a decision of the employer.

解僱；通常由雇主決定終止某人的僱傭關係

Income remaining after personal direct taxes and available for spending or saving.

可支配所得；扣除個人直接稅後，可用於消費或儲蓄的收入

To reduce the size of a business or its workforce, often to lower costs or respond to reduced activity.

縮減規模；通常為降低成本或因應業務減少，而縮小企業規模或減少員工

Relating to the production, distribution, or use of goods and services, or the organization of an economy.

經濟的；與商品及服務的生產、分配、使用或經濟體系有關的

An increase over time in an economy's output of goods and services after allowing for price changes.

經濟成長；排除價格變動影響後，經濟體商品與服務產出的增加

Reductions in average cost per unit that can occur when the scale of production increases.

規模經濟；擴大生產規模時，可能出現的平均單位成本下降

The system of producing, distributing, and using goods and services in a country, region, or other community.

經濟；國家、地區或其他共同體生產、分配及使用商品與服務的體系

Describing demand or supply when a price change produces a larger percentage change in quantity, measured by magnitude.

有彈性的；價格變動引起更大幅度的數量百分比變動

To pay someone to do work as a member of an organization's staff.

僱用；支付報酬，讓某人擔任機構員工從事工作

A person who works for an employer in return for pay.

員工；為雇主工作並領取報酬的人

A person or organization that pays people to work as its employees.

雇主；支付報酬並僱用員工的個人或機構

The state of having work for pay or profit, or the extent to which such work is available in an economy.

就業；從事有報酬或利潤的工作，或經濟體提供這類工作的情況

A business or organization engaged in commercial activity.

企業；從事商業活動的組織

A person who starts or organizes a business, taking on uncertainty and responsibility in pursuing an opportunity.

創業者；為把握機會而創辦或組織企業，並承擔不確定性與責任的人