托福詞彙

relating to the Middle Ages

中世紀的

recorded accounts of past experience gathered through interviews

口述歷史

exchange of goods carried across land

陸路貿易

remove a ruler or government from power

推翻；顛覆

ancient writing material made from plant stems

紙莎草紙

ruler of ancient Egypt

法老；古埃及統治者

belonging to the period after a war

戰後的

objects made from shaped and fired clay

陶器

exist or happen earlier than something else

早於；比……更早存在或發生

belonging to a time before written records

史前的

belonging to a time before widespread industrial production

工業化前的

estimating age from remaining radioactive carbon

放射性碳定年法

resistance against a ruler or established authority

叛亂；反抗

work out a picture of past conditions from evidence

重建；依證據還原

hold the position of sovereign

在位；統治

placing remains in order without an exact age

相對定年法

surviving object associated with an earlier age

遺物；歷史遺存

return cultural objects or remains to their place of origin

將文物或人類遺骸歸還原屬國家或社群

fundamental political change brought about by overthrow

革命；政治革命

ruler's household and circle of officials

宮廷；王廷

remains of damaged or destroyed buildings

廢墟；遺址殘跡

long rolled sheet carrying writing

卷軸

regularly traveling and working at sea

航海的；從事航海的

agricultural worker legally bound to a lord's land

農奴

person who moves to make a permanent home in an area

定居者；移居者

sharp fragment of a broken hard object

碎片；陶片；玻璃碎片

military surrounding of a place to force surrender

圍城；圍攻

military operations focused on surrounding defended places

圍城戰；圍攻作戰

system treating people as property and forcing their labor

奴隸制度；受奴役的狀態