托福詞彙

Support that people exchange to meet one another's needs through cooperation.

互助；人們透過合作，相互提供支持以滿足彼此需求

An area of a town or city where people live and share nearby streets and facilities.

鄰里；街區；人們居住並共享附近街道與設施的地區

The difference between the number of people moving into an area and the number moving out during a period.

淨遷移；一定期間內遷入與遷出人數的差額

Not organized to distribute profits to owners or shareholders, but to pursue a stated purpose.

非營利的；以特定宗旨為目標，而不以向所有者或股東分配盈餘為目的的

A shared expectation about behavior considered usual or acceptable within a group.

社會規範；群體對何種行為屬於慣常或可接受之做法的共同期待

A family unit consisting of parents and their children, rather than a wider set of relatives.

核心家庭；由父母與子女組成，不包含其他較廣泛親屬的家庭單位

To give knowledge, practices, or valued possessions to people of a later generation.

傳承；將知識、習俗或珍視的物品傳給後代

The use of money, time, or other resources to promote the welfare of others, especially through organized giving.

慈善事業；運用金錢、時間或其他資源促進他人福祉，尤其指有組織的捐助

An increase in the number of people living in a particular area over time.

人口成長；某地區的人口數隨時間增加

A chart showing the age distribution of a population, usually with separate horizontal bars for females and males.

人口金字塔；通常依年齡與性別分列的人口結構圖

Having advantages or opportunities that are not equally available to other people.

享有特權或優勢的

The exchange of actions, assistance, or resources in which people respond to what others provide.

互惠；在行動、協助或資源的交換中，對他人的付出做出回應

To move to a different place to live or operate, or move someone or something there.

搬遷；遷往新的居住或活動地點

Money sent by someone living away from home to people in their place of origin, often across national borders.

匯款；旅居外地者寄回原居地的款項

To establish a home in a different place, or help people do so, especially after they have had to leave.

重新安置；在別處重新定居

A set of actions performed in an established way because they have shared symbolic, social, or religious meaning.

儀式；因具有共同的象徵、社會或宗教意義，而按照既定方式進行的一連串行動

The movement of people from countryside settlements to towns or cities to establish a new usual residence.

鄉村向都市遷移；從鄉村遷往城鎮並以當地為經常居住地

Not organized around religious beliefs, authority, or purposes.

世俗的；非宗教性的

A process in which religious institutions, beliefs, or practices become less influential in particular areas of social life.

世俗化；宗教在某些社會生活領域的影響力逐漸減弱的過程

The separation of social groups in spaces, institutions, or activities, often linked to unequal treatment or opportunity.

社會隔離；群體在空間、制度或活動中被區隔的情形

A household in which one parent lives with and raises a child or children without a partner living there.

單親住戶；由一名家長與子女同住、沒有伴侶同住的住戶

Resources and opportunities available through social relationships, trust, and networks of cooperation.

社會資本；透過社會關係、信任與合作網絡取得的資源和機會

A grouping in society associated with similar economic resources, occupations, and social standing.

社會階層

The strength of connections and willingness to cooperate among members of a society or community.

社會凝聚力；社會或社區成員之間的連結強度與合作意願

Movement by individuals or groups between positions in a society's system of class or status.

社會流動；個人或群體在社會階層或地位之間的變動

A sustained collective effort to bring about or resist changes in society.

社會運動；持續推動或抵制社會變遷的集體行動

A set of social connections linking people or groups to one another.

社會網絡；連結個人或群體的人際關係網

A person's or group's position or standing within a society or social setting.

社會地位；個人或群體在社會或社交情境中的位置與聲望

The relatively stable arrangement of relationships, roles, and institutions within a society.

社會結構；社會中關係、角色及制度相對穩定的安排