托福詞彙

Relating to a group connected by a perceived shared cultural background, ancestry, language, or traditions.

族群的；與被視為共有的文化背景、祖源、語言或傳統有關的

The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own, often treating one's own culture as superior.

族群中心主義；以自身文化的標準評斷其他文化，並常將自身文化視為較優越的傾向

Using detailed observation and engagement with people to understand their everyday lives and cultural practices.

民族誌的；採用民族誌方法的

Detailed study and description of people's everyday lives and cultural practices, often based on extended fieldwork.

民族誌研究；民族誌

The accepted conventions for polite behavior in a particular social or professional setting.

禮儀；特定社交或專業場合中，普遍接受的禮貌行為規範

A family network that includes relatives beyond parents and their children, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins.

大家庭；除父母與子女外，也包含祖輩、叔伯姑姨舅或堂表親等親屬的家庭網絡

A set of social expectations associated with a person's gender in a particular context.

性別角色；特定情境中與一個人的性別相關的社會期待

Change in a neighborhood involving higher-income newcomers and investment, often accompanied by rising costs and pressure on existing residents.

仕紳化；較高收入居民與投資進入街區，並常伴隨生活成本上漲的變化

A system in which people or positions are arranged in ranks with different levels of power or status.

層級結構；依權力或地位高低排列的體系

One person living alone or a group of people who share a home as their usual residence.

住戶；以同一住處為經常居住地的一群人，或獨居者

A person's or group's understanding of who they are and how they relate to others.

身分認同；個人或群體對自己是誰，以及與他人關係的理解

A person who moves into another country to make it their usual place of residence.

移民；遷入另一個國家並以當地為經常居住地的人

The movement of people into another country to establish their usual residence there.

移民遷入；遷入另一個國家並以當地為經常居住地

Describing peoples with longstanding connections to a territory predating later colonization or settlement, and their associated cultures.

原住民族的；指與某地長期相連、早於後來的殖民或移入者的民族，以及相關文化

To develop large-scale manufacturing as an important part of an economy, or cause this development.

使工業化；發展大規模製造業，使其成為經濟的重要部分

An unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, or treatment among people or social groups.

不平等；不同個人或社會群體之間的資源、機會或待遇分配不均

An established organization or system of practices that shapes important areas of social life.

社會機構；形塑社會生活重要面向的制度或慣行體系

Connected with the structures, rules, or practices of an established organization or social institution.

機構的；制度層面的；與既有組織或社會制度的結構、規則或慣行有關的

To make a practice or arrangement an established and lasting part of an organization or society.

使制度化；使某種做法或安排成為組織或社會中穩定、持續的一部分

To join in the life of a shared community or institution, or help people or groups participate rather than remain separated.

融入；使融入；讓不同群體共同參與

Involving relationships, exchanges, or differences between people of different generations.

跨世代的；涉及不同世代之間的關係、交流或差異的

To marry across boundaries between social, cultural, religious, or other recognized groups.

通婚；不同社會、文化、宗教等群體的成員彼此結婚

The movement of people to a new place of usual residence within the same country.

國內遷移；在同一國家內遷往新的經常居住地

Socially recognized relationships of family connection, including ties understood through descent, marriage, adoption, or other local practices.

親屬關係；社會認可的家庭聯繫

A group that makes up more than half of a specified population.

多數群體；占特定人口一半以上的群體

To place people or groups in a position where their views, needs, or participation receive little attention.

使邊緣化；使人或群體的意見、需求或參與受到忽視

A group within a society that is smaller in number or has less social power than a dominant group.

少數群體；在社會中人數較少，或社會權力低於主導群體的群體

To organize people and resources so that a group can take coordinated action.

動員；組織人員與資源，以便展開協同行動

Changes in institutions, technologies, and everyday arrangements associated with movement toward more contemporary forms of social organization.

現代化；制度、技術與生活安排朝現代社會組織形式轉變的過程