托福詞彙

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻擊行為；意圖在身體或心理上傷害他人的行為

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主義；因關心他人福祉而提供幫助，不以個人回報為目的

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

定錨偏誤；做判斷時過度依賴最初數值或資訊的傾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意力；將心力集中於特定資訊、活動或事件

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

專注的；留心的

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

態度；對人、活動或議題的想法與感受，常涉及正面或負面的評價

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

覺察；意識；對某事的注意與了解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

旁觀者效應；當有其他人在場時，個人較不容易主動提供所需協助的傾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

古典制約；原本中性的線索與本來就能引發反應的刺激建立關聯後，也能引發反應的學習歷程

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

認知；學習、理解、記憶及思考資訊的心理歷程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

認知的；與思考、理解、記憶及學習等心理活動有關的

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

認知偏誤；可能使判斷或解讀失真的系統性思考傾向

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

認知發展；一個人一生中思考、記憶、推理及理解能力的變化

To direct mental effort toward one activity or subject without letting other things distract you.

集中注意力；專心

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

使形成條件反應；透過反覆的關聯或行為後果，建立或改變習得的反應

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

制約反應；由已透過學習與另一刺激建立關聯的線索，所引發的反應

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

制約刺激；與另一刺激建立關聯後，能引發習得反應的線索

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

制約；條件作用；透過事件間的關聯或行為後果，改變日後反應的學習歷程

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

確認偏誤；偏向支持既有信念的資訊，而較少注意挑戰這些信念之資訊的傾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

從眾；調整行為，使其符合群體的期待或慣常做法

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

從眾；調整行為或公開表達的觀點，以符合群體的期待

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

有意識的；能覺察自己的想法、感受或行為的

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；想了解事物或探究其運作方式的願望

Wanting to learn about something or find out more.

好奇的；想學習或進一步了解的

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

決策；在可能的行動或替代方案之間做出選擇的過程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

延宕滿足；選擇等待日後的好處，而不立即取得眼前可得的獎勵

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

深度知覺；感知距離與物體三維空間排列的能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

使分心；使注意力轉移

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

使人分心的事物；注意力受到干擾的狀態或過程