托福詞彙

A tendency to give greater psychological weight to a loss than to an equivalent gain.

損失趨避；對損失賦予的心理重要性，高於同等收益的傾向

The ability to keep and retrieve information or experiences, or a particular experience that is remembered.

記憶；保留並提取資訊或經驗的能力，也指記得的某段經歷

A general emotional state that lasts for a period of time and may have no clear immediate cause.

心情；心境；持續一段時間的整體情緒狀態

To give someone a reason or desire to begin or continue an activity.

激勵；使人產生開始或持續某項活動的動力

The reasons or desires that lead someone to act and sustain effort toward a goal.

動機；促使人採取行動並持續朝目標努力的原因或願望

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because it removes, prevents, or delays something unpleasant.

負增強；行為移除、避免或延後不愉快的刺激，使該行為日後更可能再次發生

The act of following rules or direct instructions, especially those given by an authority.

服從；遵守規則或直接指令，尤其是權威所下達的指令

To do what a rule or a person giving an instruction requires.

服從；按照規則或他人下達的指令行事

The understanding that an object continues to exist when it is no longer directly perceived.

物體恆存性；理解物體即使無法直接感知，仍然持續存在

Learning by watching other people's behavior and the consequences or results of that behavior.

觀察學習；透過觀察他人的行為及其後果或結果來學習

Learning in which the consequences of a behavior change how likely that behavior is to occur again.

操作制約；行為的後果改變該行為日後再次發生可能性的學習歷程

A visual experience in which an object appears different from its actual size, shape, position, or other physical properties.

視覺錯覺；物體看起來的大小、形狀、位置或其他特徵，與實際情況不一致的視覺體驗

Friendly and comfortable starting conversations or spending time with other people.

外向友善的；與人交談或相處時感到自在的

Influence from people of similar age or status that encourages someone to behave as they do or expect.

同儕壓力；來自年齡或地位相近者的影響，促使一個人依照他們的行為或期待行事

To become aware of something through the senses or interpret how it appears.

感知；察覺；將所見所聞理解為

The process of organizing and interpreting information received through the senses.

知覺；組織並解讀感官所接收資訊的過程

A person's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

人格；個性；一個人特有的思考、感受與行為模式

To influence someone to accept an idea or take an action by offering reasons or making an appeal.

說服；透過理由或訴求，影響他人接受某個想法或採取行動

The process of influencing another person's beliefs, attitudes, or actions through communication.

說服；透過溝通影響他人信念、態度或行動的過程

An increase in a behavior's future likelihood because something is added after that behavior.

正增強；在行為之後增加某種刺激，使該行為日後更可能再次發生

An unfair judgment or attitude toward someone based on their group membership rather than sufficient individual evidence.

偏見；根據群體歸屬，而非充分的個別證據，對某人做出的不公平判斷或態度

Intended to benefit other people or support their well-being.

利社會的；旨在使他人受益或促進其福祉的

In behavioral learning, a consequence that makes the behavior it follows less likely to occur again.

懲罰；在行為學習中，使前一個行為日後較不容易再次發生的後果

To bring previously learned information or an earlier experience back into the mind.

回想起；想起先前學過的資訊或過去的經歷

The identification of something as having been encountered before.

再認；辨認出曾經接觸過的事物

To identify someone or something as familiar from an earlier encounter.

認出；辨認出先前見過或接觸過的人或事物

To make a behavior more likely to occur again through a consequence that follows it.

增強；透過行為之後的後果，提高該行為再次發生的可能性

A process in which a consequence increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again.

增強；某種後果提高一項行為再次發生可能性的過程

To keep information in the mind or bring a past experience back to mind.

記得；想起；記住