托福詞彙

Behavior intended to harm another person, physically or psychologically.

攻擊行為；意圖在身體或心理上傷害他人的行為

Concern for other people's welfare that motivates help without seeking a personal reward.

利他主義；因關心他人福祉而提供幫助，不以個人回報為目的

A tendency to rely too heavily on an initial value or piece of information when making a judgment.

定錨偏誤；做判斷時過度依賴最初數值或資訊的傾向

The mental focus given to selected information, activities, or events.

注意力；將心力集中於特定資訊、活動或事件

The length of time a person can keep attention on an activity or subject.

注意力持續時間；一個人能持續專注於某項活動或主題的時間長度

Paying close attention to what is being said, shown, or done.

專注的；留心的

A way of thinking or feeling about a person, activity, or issue, often involving a favorable or unfavorable judgment.

態度；對人、活動或議題的想法與感受，常涉及正面或負面的評價

Knowledge or conscious notice of something that is present or happening.

覺察；意識；對某事的注意與了解

A tendency for an individual to be less likely to offer needed help when other people are present.

旁觀者效應；當有其他人在場時，個人較不容易主動提供所需協助的傾向

Learning in which a previously neutral cue comes to produce a response after being associated with a stimulus that already produces a response.

古典制約；原本中性的線索與本來就能引發反應的刺激建立關聯後，也能引發反應的學習歷程

The mental processes through which people learn, understand, remember, and think about information.

認知；學習、理解、記憶及思考資訊的心理歷程

Relating to mental activities such as thinking, understanding, remembering, and learning.

認知的；與思考、理解、記憶及學習等心理活動有關的

A systematic tendency in thinking that can distort judgments or interpretations.

認知偏誤；可能使判斷或解讀失真的系統性思考傾向

Changes in thinking, remembering, reasoning, and understanding over a person's life.

認知發展；一個人一生中思考、記憶、推理及理解能力的變化

To direct mental effort toward one activity or subject without letting other things distract you.

集中注意力；專心

To establish or change a learned response through repeated associations or consequences.

使形成條件反應；透過反覆的關聯或行為後果，建立或改變習得的反應

A learned reaction elicited by a cue that has become associated with another stimulus.

制約反應；由已透過學習與另一刺激建立關聯的線索，所引發的反應

A cue that comes to produce a learned response after being associated with another stimulus.

制約刺激；與另一刺激建立關聯後，能引發習得反應的線索

Learning in which associations between events or the consequences of behavior change later responses.

制約；條件作用；透過事件間的關聯或行為後果，改變日後反應的學習歷程

A tendency to favor information that supports existing beliefs while giving less attention to information that challenges them.

確認偏誤；偏向支持既有信念的資訊，而較少注意挑戰這些信念之資訊的傾向

To change or adjust behavior so that it matches a group's expectations or usual behavior.

從眾；調整行為，使其符合群體的期待或慣常做法

The adjustment of behavior or expressed opinions to match a group's expectations.

從眾；調整行為或公開表達的觀點，以符合群體的期待

Involving awareness of what one is thinking, feeling, or doing.

有意識的；能覺察自己的想法、感受或行為的

A desire to learn about something or find out how it works.

好奇心；想了解事物或探究其運作方式的願望

The process of choosing among possible actions or alternatives.

決策；在可能的行動或替代方案之間做出選擇的過程

Choosing to wait for a later benefit rather than taking an available immediate reward.

延宕滿足；選擇等待日後的好處，而不立即取得眼前可得的獎勵

The ability to perceive distance and the three-dimensional arrangement of objects.

深度知覺；感知距離與物體三維空間排列的能力

To draw someone's attention away from what they are trying to do or consider.

使分心；使注意力轉移

Something that draws attention away from a task, or the process of having attention diverted.

使人分心的事物；注意力受到干擾的狀態或過程