托福词汇

relating to the Middle Ages

中世纪的

exchange of goods carried across land

陆路贸易

remove a ruler or government from power

推翻；颠覆

ancient writing material made from plant stems

纸莎草纸

ruler of ancient Egypt

法老；古埃及统治者

belonging to the period after a war

战后的

objects made from shaped and fired clay

陶器

exist or happen earlier than something else

早于；先于……存在或发生

belonging to a time before written records

史前的

belonging to a time before widespread industrial production

工业化前的

estimating age from remaining radioactive carbon

放射性碳测年

resistance against a ruler or established authority

叛乱；反抗

work out a picture of past conditions from evidence

重建；根据证据还原

hold the position of sovereign

在位；统治

placing remains in order without an exact age

相对测年

surviving object associated with an earlier age

遗物；历史遗存

return cultural objects or remains to their place of origin

归还文物或人类遗骸至原属国家或社群

fundamental political change brought about by overthrow

革命；政治革命

ruler's household and circle of officials

宫廷；王廷

remains of damaged or destroyed buildings

废墟；遗址残迹

long rolled sheet carrying writing

卷轴

regularly traveling and working at sea

航海的；以航海为业的

agricultural worker legally bound to a lord's land

农奴

person who moves to make a permanent home in an area

定居者；移居者

sharp fragment of a broken hard object

碎片；陶片；玻璃碎片

military surrounding of a place to force surrender

围城；围攻

military operations focused on surrounding defended places

围城战；围攻作战

buying selling and transporting enslaved people

奴隶贸易

system treating people as property and forcing their labor

奴隶制；奴役状态