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One person or thing not yet specified

一个；一位（不定冠词，元音音素前用 an）

some, in a small number

几个；一些（数量不多）

some, in a small amount

一点；少量（接不可数名词）

at a time far back in the past

很久以前

a large number or amount

许多；大量

fifteen minutes after the hour that you name

……点一刻

fifteen minutes before the hour that you name

差一刻……点

close to a stated number or amount

大约；左右

Higher than a person, object, or place.

在……上方；高于……的位置

introduce information different from what someone expects

其实……（纠正预想）

Advice about what to do

建议；忠告

Give someone advice

建议；劝告

politely allow someone to go or do something first

您先请；你先来

After the time or event that was just mentioned.

之后；后来

one more time after something has already happened

再一次；又

used after a time amount to say when something happened before now

……以前

Decide together what to do

商定；约定

every member or the complete amount

所有；全部

for the whole day or most of it

一整天

Give someone permission

允许；准许

before now or another time being discussed

已经

Used before a fact that makes the main statement seem surprising.

虽然；尽管

In the middle of a group of people or things.

在（一群人或物）中间

how much there is of something

量；数量（通常指不可数的事物）

Used to join words, phrases, or statements together.

和；并且

one more or an additional amount

再一个；又一个；另外的量

an unspecified amount in questions or negatives

一些；任何（用于疑问句或否定句）

used with a negative to say that a past action or situation has stopped

（不）再

A person in a question or negative

有人；任何人（疑问或否定语境）