PTE

to change up and down in amount or level rather than move steadily in one direction

a change upward or downward within a pattern that varies over time rather than remaining steady

for achieving the aim that has just been stated or is clear from the context

a part or share of a total amount

basic and important to the nature or operation of something

used to introduce a broad statement that does not attempt to cover every exception or detail

to produce something or cause a result, activity, or output to come into existence

happening in stages or by small changes over time rather than all at once

Causing damage or an unwanted negative effect.

to draw attention to an important feature, fact, or issue

an indirect opening used to make a present question or request sound less direct

Exactly the same in the relevant details.

to make an idea easier to understand by giving an example or visual explanation

A substantial effect on a person, process, or situation.

making decisions or judgments without unfairly favoring one person or side

to put a plan, decision, or system into practical use

A possible effect or consequence of a situation, decision, or finding that needs to be considered.

to communicate an idea without stating it directly

when considered alongside the person, thing, or situation named afterward

used to introduce a difference between two findings, groups, methods, or explanations

mainly, although not completely or exclusively

In actual use or real situations, as distinct from a plan, theory, or general idea.

with reference to a specified aspect or measure used to describe, assess, or compare something

over a long period, when later effects are considered

when considering the particular aspect that has just been mentioned

as the next effect or step in a sequence of causes and results

An expected benefit or reward that encourages someone to take a particular action.

Including the people or groups within the stated scope rather than excluding them.

to include something as a part of a larger whole