PTE

a condition in which excess water fills soil spaces and limits the air available to plant roots

fibrous material produced by separating wood fibers and used mainly to make paper and related products

a permeable layer of rock or sediment that stores and transmits enough groundwater to supply wells or springs

the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geological time

a landform built from sediment deposited where a river enters a lake, sea, or other standing body of water

a partly enclosed coastal body of water where river water mixes with seawater

the pattern of places across which a feature, organism, population, or activity is found

one half of Earth, such as the northern or southern half divided by the equator

a vast, continuous mass of glacial ice covering a large area of land

rock formed when magma or lava cools and becomes solid

to enter soil or other ground material through the surface

a position north or south of the equator expressed as an angle in degrees

a position east or west of the prime meridian expressed as an angle in degrees

molten or partly molten rock, often containing crystals and dissolved gases, beneath Earth's surface

the thick layer of hot, mostly solid rock between Earth's crust and core, capable of slow flow over geological time

the relationship between a distance shown on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground

rock whose minerals or texture have changed through heat, pressure or fluids while remaining essentially solid

a decrease in seawater pH, especially as the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide and its chemistry changes

ground, such as soil or rock, that remains at or below zero degrees Celsius for at least two consecutive years

the zone where two tectonic plates meet and move relative to one another

a large area of relatively level land that stands above the surrounding land

to replenish groundwater by adding water to an aquifer or saturated zone

to have the front of a glacier move backward because ice is lost faster than it is supplied there

the connected processes through which rocks form, break down and change among different types over geological time

the concentration of dissolved salts in water

rock formed from accumulated sediment, mineral precipitation, or the remains of organisms

a large slab of Earth's rigid outer layer, including crust and uppermost mantle, that moves relative to other slabs

the shape and arrangement of the surface features of an area, including its hills, valleys, and slopes

the movement of deeper water toward the ocean surface, often bringing cooler, nutrient-rich water upward