PTE

evaluated through a scholarly peer-review process

a scholarly article evaluated by experts in the same field before publication

small preliminary study used to assess feasibility and refine procedures

a preparation or procedure used for comparison that lacks the specific active component being tested

documented plan specifying how a study is to be carried out

allocation of study units to conditions by chance

assign study units using a chance-based procedure

consistency of a measurement under specified repeated conditions

repeat a study to examine whether its finding recurs

repetition of a study to assess whether a finding recurs

able to yield consistent computational results when the same data and analytical procedures are used again

principles governing responsible conduct of research

systematic distortion in the answers people provide

possibility that study features systematically distort a result

remaining sufficiently stable under reasonable changes in analysis assumptions or methods

the use of mathematical methods to examine numerical data and evaluate patterns or relationships

not supporting a clear statistical conclusion for the question assessed

interview using a standardized set and ordering of questions

the complete group that researchers want their study's conclusions to describe

extent to which a measurement supports the intended interpretation

a land-use system that deliberately combines trees or shrubs with crops or livestock

suitable for being used to grow crops

having very little rainfall and generally dry conditions

capable of being broken down by microorganisms or other biological processes under suitable conditions

the use of living organisms, such as natural enemies, to reduce pest populations or damage

a system that absorbs more carbon than it releases during a particular period

to cut down all or most trees in a defined area as part of a single harvesting operation

a connected system of temperature-controlled storage and transport that keeps temperature-sensitive products within a required range

a resource from which excluding users is difficult and whose use by one person reduces what is available to others