PTE

change in how common gene variants are in a population due to chance rather than differences in their adaptive value

The particular genetic variants an individual has at a specified position in its genome.

to begin growing from a seed, producing a young root and shoot

passed from parents to their offspring through genetic inheritance

an animal without a backbone, including animals such as insects, snails, and jellyfish

an immature animal that differs substantially in form from the adult and later undergoes a major developmental change

a layer of leaves that forms an overhead covering, especially in a forest

a plant in the pea family, including beans, peas, and lentils, typically producing seeds in pods

a major change in an animal's body form during development from an immature stage toward adulthood

consisting of many cells, often with different cells carrying out different functions

a membrane-enclosed structure in many cells that contains most of the cell's genetic material

living and growing for more than two years, as a plant

The observable characteristics of an organism, arising from its genetic makeup and environmental influences.

the transfer of pollen to a receptive female structure in a seed plant

a gene variant whose effect on a particular trait is masked when it is paired with a dominant variant

an environmental factor that makes organisms with some inherited traits more likely to survive or reproduce than others

a close, continuing association between organisms of different species, which may benefit or harm one of the partners

living or growing on land, rather than in water

a thickened part of a plant stem or root that stores nutrients, often growing underground

the farming of fish, shellfish, algae, or other aquatic organisms under managed conditions

animals caught during fishing that are not the intended catch or are discarded rather than retained

a long, narrow groove or channel made in soil during farming

a facility where animal eggs, especially fish or poultry eggs, are hatched and young animals may be raised

to catch fish from a population at a rate too high to sustain productive fishing over time

soil containing a mixture of sand, silt, and clay without a strongly dominant sandy or clay-like texture

the growth of a celestial body as surrounding material gathers onto it

the angle between the directions from an observer to two objects in the sky

a unit of distance approximately equal to the average distance between Earth and the Sun

the study of the physical properties and processes of stars and other objects in space