PTE

establish how a measuring instrument’s readings relate to known reference values

process of establishing the relationship between instrument readings and reference values

concerning a relationship in which one factor produces an effect

relationship in which a change in one factor produces a change in another

assign labels or categories to research material for analysis

process of assigning analytical labels to research material

to gather information from different places and organize it into one collection

adjust an analysis to take a specified variable into account

a factor deliberately kept at the same value across compared experimental conditions to limit its influence on the comparison

vary in a related pattern across observations

measuring a population or sample at one point or short period in time

outcome variable examined in relation to explanatory variables

A substantial piece of research writing submitted as part of the requirements for an academic degree.

describing a study in which participants and specified researchers do not know which treatment each participant receives

numerical measure of the magnitude of a difference or relationship

based on observation or measurement rather than theory alone

evidence obtained through direct observation, measurement, or experiment rather than theory alone

approval of a proposed study by an appropriate ethics review body

extent to which a study finding applies beyond the studied setting or population

variable treated as an explanatory factor in a study or analysis

voluntary agreement to participate after relevant information is understood

critical synthesis of existing published research on a question

following the same study units across multiple times

to deliberately change a factor in an experiment in order to study its effect

difference between a measured value and the intended or true value

system of methods and principles underlying a study

research approach that integrates qualitative and quantitative methods

examining naturally occurring conditions without assigning the exposure of interest

observation unusually distant from the pattern of other observations