TOEFL 어휘

without being affected or changed by the factor named afterward

~와 상관없이; ~에 관계없이

to show or establish a connection between two or more things

연결하다; 관련짓다

having a connection with something else

관련된; 서로 연결된

A connection between things or the way they affect one another.

관계; 사물 사이의 연결이나 서로 영향을 주는 방식

judged in comparison with something else rather than on its own

상대적인; 다른 대상과 비교하여 판단하는

when compared with or considered in relation to the reference named afterward

…에 비해; …를 기준으로 보면

to a degree judged by comparison with something else or a relevant standard

상대적으로; 비교적

A useful connection to the matter being considered.

관련성; 논의 중인 문제와 유용하게 연결되는 정도

closely connected with the subject or problem being considered

관련 있는; 주제에 맞는

to continue to be in a particular state or situation

여전히 …이다; 상태를 유지하다

to take something away from a place, group, or existing whole

제거하다; 치우다; 없애다

to do or say something again

반복하다; 다시 하거나 말하다

to put someone or something in the place of another, or take that place

교체하다; 대신하다; 대체하다

to stand for or express something through a sign, image, value, or other form

나타내다; 상징하다; 대표하다

to need something or make it necessary for someone to do something

필요로 하다; 요구하다

Something that is needed or must be satisfied.

요구 사항; 반드시 갖추거나 충족해야 하는 조건

to bring a problem, disagreement, or uncertainty to a satisfactory conclusion

해결하다; 이견이나 의문을 해소하다

in the same order as the people or things that have just been listed

각각; 앞서 나열한 순서대로

to react or give a reply to an event, question, or other information

응답하다; 반응하다; 답하다

An action or change that occurs because of an event or situation.

반응; 사건이나 상황 때문에 나타나는 행동이나 변화

A duty to deal with something or answer for one's actions.

책임; 일을 처리하거나 자신의 행동에 답해야 하는 의무

having a duty to take care of something or answer for what happens

책임이 있는; 돌보거나 결과를 설명할 의무가 있는

to place limits on what someone can do or on the range of something

제한하다; 범위를 한정하다

to cause a particular outcome to happen

초래하다; ~라는 결과를 낳다

to keep something rather than lose it or give it up

보유하다; 유지하다; 기억하다

to make something that was hidden or unknown become known

드러내다; 밝혀내다; 알려지게 하다

to change the direction of a movement, change, or trend to its opposite

반전시키다; 방향이 반대로 바뀌다

possible to undo or restore to a previous state under the relevant conditions

되돌릴 수 있는; 가역적인

immediately, without delay

즉시; 바로