TOEFL 어휘

relating to the Middle Ages

중세의

recorded accounts of past experience gathered through interviews

구술사

exchange of goods carried across land

육상 교역

remove a ruler or government from power

전복하다; 정권을 무너뜨리다

ancient writing material made from plant stems

파피루스; 파피루스로 만든 필기용 재료

ruler of ancient Egypt

파라오; 고대 이집트의 통치자

objects made from shaped and fired clay

토기; 도기

exist or happen earlier than something else

…보다 먼저 존재하거나 일어나다

belonging to a time before written records

선사 시대의

belonging to a time before widespread industrial production

산업화 이전의

estimating age from remaining radioactive carbon

방사성 탄소 연대 측정

resistance against a ruler or established authority

반란; 권력에 대한 저항

work out a picture of past conditions from evidence

재구성하다; 증거를 바탕으로 과거를 복원하다

hold the position of sovereign

재위하다; 통치하다

placing remains in order without an exact age

상대 연대 측정

surviving object associated with an earlier age

유물; 과거로부터 남은 것

return cultural objects or remains to their place of origin

문화재나 유해를 원래의 국가 또는 공동체에 돌려주다

fundamental political change brought about by overthrow

혁명; 정치 혁명

ruler's household and circle of officials

궁정; 왕실을 둘러싼 사람들과 관리 집단

remains of damaged or destroyed buildings

폐허; 건물의 잔해

long rolled sheet carrying writing

두루마리

regularly traveling and working at sea

항해의; 항해를 생업으로 하는

agricultural worker legally bound to a lord's land

농노

person who moves to make a permanent home in an area

정착민; 이주하여 정착한 사람

sharp fragment of a broken hard object

파편; 토기 조각; 유리 조각

military surrounding of a place to force surrender

포위; 포위 공격

military operations focused on surrounding defended places

공성전; 포위전

buying selling and transporting enslaved people

노예무역

system treating people as property and forcing their labor

노예제; 노예 상태