TOEFL 어휘

relating to the Middle Ages

중세의

recorded accounts of past experience gathered through interviews

구술사

exchange of goods carried across land

육상 교역

ancient writing material made from plant stems

파피루스; 파피루스로 만든 필기용 재료

ruler of ancient Egypt

파라오; 고대 이집트의 통치자

belonging to the period after a war

전후의; 전쟁 이후의

objects made from shaped and fired clay

토기; 도기

exist or happen earlier than something else

…보다 먼저 존재하거나 일어나다

belonging to a time before written records

선사 시대의

belonging to a time before widespread industrial production

산업화 이전의

estimating age from remaining radioactive carbon

방사성 탄소 연대 측정

resistance against a ruler or established authority

반란; 권력에 대한 저항

work out a picture of past conditions from evidence

재구성하다; 증거를 바탕으로 과거를 복원하다

hold the position of sovereign

재위하다; 통치하다

placing remains in order without an exact age

상대 연대 측정

surviving object associated with an earlier age

유물; 과거로부터 남은 것

return cultural objects or remains to their place of origin

문화재나 유해를 원래의 국가 또는 공동체에 돌려주다

fundamental political change brought about by overthrow

혁명; 정치 혁명

ruler's household and circle of officials

궁정; 왕실을 둘러싼 사람들과 관리 집단

remains of damaged or destroyed buildings

폐허; 건물의 잔해

long rolled sheet carrying writing

두루마리

regularly traveling and working at sea

항해의; 항해를 생업으로 하는

agricultural worker legally bound to a lord's land

농노

person who moves to make a permanent home in an area

정착민; 이주하여 정착한 사람

sharp fragment of a broken hard object

파편; 토기 조각; 유리 조각

military surrounding of a place to force surrender

포위; 포위 공격

military operations focused on surrounding defended places

공성전; 포위전

buying selling and transporting enslaved people

노예무역

system treating people as property and forcing their labor

노예제; 노예 상태