TOEFL語彙

without being affected or changed by the factor named afterward

～にかかわらず；～を問わず

to show or establish a connection between two or more things

関連付ける；つながりを示す

having a connection with something else

関連する；互いにつながりがある

A connection between things or the way they affect one another.

関係；物事のつながりや互いへの影響の仕方

judged in comparison with something else rather than on its own

相対的な；ほかとの比較で判断する

when compared with or considered in relation to the reference named afterward

～に対して；～と比較して

to a degree judged by comparison with something else or a relevant standard

相対的に；比較的

A useful connection to the matter being considered.

関連性；検討中の問題との有用なつながり

closely connected with the subject or problem being considered

関連のある；論点に合った

to continue to be in a particular state or situation

～のままである；引き続きある状態にある

to do or say something again

繰り返す；もう一度行う、または言う

to put someone or something in the place of another, or take that place

取り替える；取って代わる

to stand for or express something through a sign, image, value, or other form

表す；象徴する；示す

to need something or make it necessary for someone to do something

必要とする；要求する

Something that is needed or must be satisfied.

要件；満たす必要のある条件や事項

to bring a problem, disagreement, or uncertainty to a satisfactory conclusion

解決する；対立や疑問を解消する

in the same order as the people or things that have just been listed

それぞれ；挙げた順に

to react or give a reply to an event, question, or other information

応じる；反応する；返答する

An action or change that occurs because of an event or situation.

反応；対応；出来事や状況を受けて生じる行動や変化

A duty to deal with something or answer for one's actions.

責任；職務；物事を処理し、自分の行動について説明する義務

having a duty to take care of something or answer for what happens

責任を負う；管理や説明の義務がある

to place limits on what someone can do or on the range of something

制限する；範囲を限る

to happen because of a particular cause

～に起因する；～から生じる

to cause a particular outcome to happen

～という結果をもたらす；～を引き起こす

to keep something rather than lose it or give it up

保持する；失わずに残す；覚えておく

to make something that was hidden or unknown become known

明らかにする；表面に出す；知られるようにする

to change the direction of a movement, change, or trend to its opposite

逆転させる；方向を逆にする

possible to undo or restore to a previous state under the relevant conditions

可逆的な；元に戻せる

immediately, without delay

すぐに；直ちに