TOEFL語彙

to have someone or something as a part of a larger group or whole

含む；一部として含める

including the people or groups within the stated scope rather than excluding them

包摂的な；示された範囲の人々を排除せず含める

to become greater in amount, number, or degree, or make something greater

増える；増やす；高める

more and more as time passes or a process develops

ますます；次第に

made or achieved through small additions or steps

小刻みに進む；段階的に追加する

used to emphasize a statement or add information that reinforces it

確かに；実に；記述を強調したり補強したりする表現

not relying on another person, thing, or condition in the relevant respect

独立した；ある点で他の要因に依存しない

to show that something exists, is true, or is likely

示す；存在・真実・可能性を示唆する

having a connection or effect through an intervening person, thing, or step

間接的な；人や段階を介する

considered separately rather than as part of a group

個々の；一つずつ別に考える

certain to happen and not possible to avoid under the circumstances

避けられない；必然の

to reach a conclusion using evidence or clues rather than a direct statement

推論する；手がかりから結論を導く

A conclusion reached by reasoning from information or clues rather than by direct statement or observation.

推論による結論；直接の記述や観察ではなく、情報や手掛かりから推理して得た結論

The power or effect of shaping how something develops or someone acts.

影響；物事の展開や人の行動を形作る力や作用

relaxed and not following strict official or social conventions

非公式の；厳格な形式にとらわれない

occurring at the beginning of a process, period, or sequence

最初の；初期の

at the beginning of a situation or process

初めは；当初は

to cause an activity or process to begin

始める；開始させる；発起する

A new action or plan intended to improve a situation.

新たな取り組み；状況を改善するための新しい行動や計画

to put something into an existing space, document, or sequence

挿入する；既存の内容の間に加える

a tendency to change unpredictably or fail to remain steady

不安定さ；不安定性

A particular example or occurrence.

実例；個別の事例；ある現象が具体的に起きた一つの場合

in place of the person, thing, or action mentioned afterward

～の代わりに；～せずに

to have a plan or purpose to do something

意図する；～するつもりである

What someone plans or means to do.

意図；つもり；しようと計画していること

depending on one another rather than functioning wholly independently

相互依存の；互いに頼り合う

existing or occurring within a particular group, system, or thing

内部の；示された範囲の内側で存在、発生する

A particular understanding or explanation of meaning.

解釈；意味についての特定の理解や説明

to stop an activity temporarily or break its continuity

中断する；遮る