TOEFL語彙

A condition that restricts actions or possibilities.

制約；行動や可能性を制限する条件

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

含む；中に収める

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主張する；～だと言い張る

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

内容；作品や伝達の中に含まれる情報や考え

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

文脈；背景；状況

to keep happening or doing something, or to begin doing it again after a break

続ける；継続する；再開する

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

連続性；継続性

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；関連する条件が同じなら同時には真となりえない記述や主張の衝突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

矛盾する；同じ点について同時には成り立たない

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

対比；並べて考えることで際立つ明確な違い

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

寄与する；～をもたらす一因となる

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

貢献；共通の成果を得るために提供する助力、作業、資源

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

従来の；広く受け入れられた方法に従う

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

逆に；反対に

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

変換する；形や用途を変える

Able to make someone believe that a claim or explanation is true or reasonable.

説得力のある；主張や説明が真実または妥当だと思わせる

matching another thing in position, function, or a stated relationship

対応する；位置や関係が合致する

To strengthen support for a statement or account by supplying additional evidence or information.

裏付ける；追加の証拠や情報で記述や説明への支持を強める

used to ask someone politely to carry out an action

〜していただけますか

An argument offered against another argument, position, or proposed conclusion.

反対論；別の論証・立場・提示された結論に対抗する論証

An example that shows a general claim does not hold in every case it is meant to cover.

反例；一般的な主張が対象とするすべての場合に当てはまるわけではないと示す例

A person or thing with a corresponding role elsewhere.

対応する人や物；別の場所で同様の役割を担うもの

to make something new or cause it to come into existence

作り出す；作成する；生み出す

a standard used to judge something or decide between alternatives

基準；判断のよりどころ

extremely important because it can strongly affect the outcome

決定的に重要な；鍵となる

to take action to manage a problem, responsibility, or situation

対処する；処理する

to discuss an issue by considering different or opposing arguments

議論する；異なる立場から論じ合う

to become lower, weaker, or less common over time

減少する；衰える；低下する

to become less in amount, number, or degree, or make something less

減る；減らす；低下する