TOEFL語彙

The person or voice that tells a story, who may be distinct from its author.

語り手；物語を語る人物や声。作者とは異なる場合がある

Writing presented as being about real people, events, or subjects rather than invented stories.

ノンフィクション；実在する人物や実際の出来事、事物を扱うものとして書かれた作品

Communicating through cues such as posture, gaze, or gesture rather than through words.

非言語的な。言葉ではなく、姿勢、視線、動作などによって伝える。

A long fictional story usually written in prose and published as a book.

長編小説

The passing of stories, knowledge, and customs between generations through spoken performance and communication.

口承の伝統；物語、知識、慣習を口頭の語りや実演で世代を超えて伝えること

The conventional rules and practices for writing a language, especially its spelling.

正書法。言語を書く際の慣例的な規則や方法、特につづり方。

A grammatical construction in which the subject typically receives or is affected by the action, while the agent may be omitted.

受動態。主語が通常、動作を受けるものや影響を受けるものであり、動作主を省略できる文法形式。

A sound category that can distinguish one word from another in a particular spoken language.

音素。特定の話し言葉において、語の意味を区別できる音のカテゴリー。

The representation of speech sounds using a systematic set of symbols rather than ordinary spelling.

音声転写。通常のつづりではなく、体系的な記号を使って音声を書き表すこと。

The connected events of a story and the way they are arranged to develop its action.

筋；プロット；物語の関連し合う出来事とその配列

Relating to poetry or to expressive techniques associated with it.

詩の；詩に関連する表現技法の

Literary expression that gives particular attention to the sound, rhythm, imagery, and arrangement of language, often in lines.

詩；言葉の音、リズム、イメージ、配置を重視する文学的表現

The perspective from which a story is told, which shapes the information and judgments readers receive.

語りの視点；読者が得る情報や判断を方向付ける、物語を語る立場

The study of how context, speaker intentions, and shared knowledge contribute to meaning in language use.

語用論。文脈、話し手の意図、共有知識が、言語使用における意味にどう関わるかを研究する学問。

To produce the spoken sounds of a word or expression.

発音する。語や表現の音を声に出す。

The way a word or language is spoken, including its individual sounds and stress patterns.

発音。個々の音や強勢のパターンなど、語や言語の読み方。

Written language arranged in sentences and paragraphs rather than lines of verse.

散文；詩行ではなく文や段落で構成された書き言葉

To use marks such as commas and periods to organize written text and clarify its structure or meaning.

句読点を付ける。コンマやピリオドなどで文章を整理し、構造や意味を明確にする。

A way of using language associated with a particular situation, audience, purpose, or field.

言語使用域。特定の場面、相手、目的、分野に結びついた言葉の使い方。

To share matching final sounds, especially in poetic lines; in full rhyme, the match starts with the final stressed vowel.

韻を踏む；語末の音が一致する。完全韻では最後の強勢のある母音から音が一致する

The pattern in which the final sounds of poetic lines rhyme, often represented with letters.

押韻構成；詩行の末尾の韻が並ぶパターン。通常は文字で表す

A set of written signs used to represent one or more languages.

文字体系。一つまたは複数の言語を書き表すための記号の集合。

A language learned in addition to a person's first language or languages, not necessarily the second in a numerical sequence.

第二言語。第一言語以外に学ぶ言語で、学習した順番がちょうど二番目とは限りません。

A change over time in what a word or expression means.

意味変化。語や表現の意味が時とともに変わること。

The study of meaning in language, especially the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences.

意味論。語、句、文など、言語における意味を研究する学問。

The time, place, and surrounding social conditions in which a story happens.

舞台設定；物語が起こる時代、場所、社会環境

A fictional prose narrative that is much shorter than a novel and usually has a limited focus.

短編小説

A natural language that uses patterned hand movements, facial expressions, and body positions, usually perceived visually or sometimes through touch.

手話。規則的な手の動き、表情、身体の位置を使い、通常は視覚、時には触覚で受け取る自然言語。

An expression that explicitly compares different things, commonly using like or as.

直喩；通常 like や as を使い、異なる物事を明示的に比較する表現