TOEFL語彙

A good or service that buyers can use instead of another to meet a similar need.

代替財；別の商品やサービスに代わって似た需要を満たすもの

The relationship between prices and the quantities of a good or service that sellers are willing and able to offer during a given period.

供給；一定期間における価格と、売り手が提供する意思と能力を持つ数量との関係

A market situation in which the quantity sellers offer exceeds the quantity buyers want and can purchase at the stated price.

供給過剰；一定の価格で供給量が需要量を上回る状態

A tax charged on goods crossing a national border, most commonly on imports.

関税；国境を越える商品に課される税で、特に輸入品に対するもの

The buying, selling, or exchange of goods and services, particularly between regions or countries.

貿易；特に地域間や国家間で行われる商品やサービスの売買・交換

An excess of the value of a country's imports over its exports for the stated goods or services coverage and period.

貿易赤字；定められた商品・サービスの範囲と期間において輸入額が輸出額を上回ること

Without work for pay or profit, available to work, and actively seeking work in the standard labor-statistics sense.

失業している；一般的な労働統計で、仕事がなく、働くことができ、積極的に仕事を探している

The condition of people being without work while available for and seeking jobs, or its extent in an economy.

失業；働くことができ、求職中であるのに仕事がない状態、または経済におけるその程度

A cost that changes as the quantity of goods or services produced changes.

変動費；商品やサービスの生産量に応じて変わる費用

Payment for work, often calculated by the hour or day and paid at regular intervals.

賃金；時間や日数を基準に計算され、定期的に支払われることの多い労働の報酬

Relating to selling goods mainly to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to individual consumers.

卸売の；個人消費者ではなく、主に小売業者や他の企業に商品を販売する

The people working for a particular organization or in a particular area or activity.

従業員全体；ある組織・地域・分野で働く人々