TOEFL語彙

Time spent working beyond a job's normal scheduled hours.

時間外労働；通常の所定労働時間を超えて働く時間

A business arrangement in which two or more parties share ownership or responsibility for running an enterprise.

共同事業；二者以上が事業の所有権や経営責任を共有する仕組み

A measure of how responsive quantity demanded or supplied is to price, calculated using percentage changes in quantity and price.

価格弾力性；価格と数量の変化率を用いて、需要量や供給量が価格にどれだけ反応するかを測る指標

To make goods or provide services through an organized economic activity.

生産する；組織的な経済活動を通じて商品を製造したりサービスを提供したりする

The organized use of resources to make goods or provide services.

生産；資源を組織的に利用して商品を作ったりサービスを提供したりすること

Producing a substantial amount of goods or useful work relative to the resources used.

生産性の高い；使用する資源に比べて多くの商品や有用な仕事を生み出す

The amount of output produced in relation to the inputs used, such as output per hour of work.

生産性；労働一時間あたりの産出など、投入に対する産出の量

The amount by which a business's revenue exceeds its costs over a particular period or activity.

利益；一定期間や事業活動において収入が費用を上回る部分

Producing revenue greater than the costs of running an activity or business.

利益を生む；収入が費用を上回る

The use of measures such as tariffs or import limits to protect domestic producers from foreign competition.

保護貿易主義；関税や輸入制限などで国内生産者を外国との競争から保護すること

To obtain something by paying for it.

購入する；代金を払って手に入れる

The quantity of goods and services that a sum of money or an income can buy.

購買力；一定の金額や所得で購入できる商品・サービスの量

An official limit on the quantity or value of a product that may be imported or exported during a specified period.

貿易の割当枠；一定期間の輸出入数量や金額に対する公的な上限

A substantial decline in economic activity spread across an economy and lasting for an extended period.

景気後退；経済全体に広がり、一定期間続く経済活動の大幅な落ち込み

The loss of a job because the employer no longer needs that position, especially in British employment usage.

人員削減による失職；雇用主がその職を必要としなくなるために仕事を失うことで、特にイギリス英語で使う表現

No longer needed in a job because the employer has removed the need for that position, especially in British usage.

職が不要になって人員削減の対象となった（主にイギリス英語）

Work performed away from an employer's usual workplace, often using digital communication.

リモートワーク；通常の勤務先を離れ、デジタル通信などを使って行う仕事

To formally leave a job or position by one's own decision.

辞職する；自分の意思で正式に仕事や役職を離れる

A short document presenting a person's relevant education, work experience, and skills when applying for a job.

履歴書；応募に関連する学歴、職歴、技能を簡潔に示す書類

Relating to selling goods directly to consumers, usually in quantities for personal use.

小売の；通常は個人で使う商品を消費者に直接販売することに関する

To learn new occupational skills, or teach them to workers, so they can perform different or changed work.

再訓練する・受ける；異なる仕事や変化した仕事に対応するために新たな職業技能を教える・学ぶ

A fixed regular payment for a job, commonly stated as an annual amount and paid in installments.

給与；定期的に支払われる固定報酬で、年額を示して分割支給することが多いもの

Income a business earns from selling its goods or services before deducting the costs of providing them.

売上高；商品やサービスの販売から得られる、関連費用を差し引く前の収入

The condition in which available resources are limited relative to the uses people would like to make of them.

希少性；人々が望む多様な用途に比べて資源が限られていること

Working for oneself through a business or independent activity rather than as an employee of another organization.

自営業の；他の組織の従業員ではなく、自分の事業や独立した活動で働く

A person or organization that owns one or more shares in a company.

株主；会社の株式を一株以上保有する個人や組織

A market situation in which the quantity buyers want and can purchase exceeds the quantity sellers offer at the stated price.

供給不足；一定の価格で需要量が供給量を上回る状態

Having the training, knowledge, and practiced ability needed to perform a particular kind of work well.

熟練した；特定の仕事をうまく行うための訓練、知識、実践的な能力を備えた

A coordinated stoppage of work by employees intended to press a demand or protest an employment issue.

ストライキ；要求を通したり雇用上の問題に抗議したりするために、従業員が共同で仕事を停止すること