TOEFL語彙

Something bought or offered at a price that is low compared with its value or usual price.

お買い得品；価値や通常価格に比べて安い品物

A condition that makes it difficult or costly for a new business to begin competing in a market.

参入障壁；新規企業が市場に参入するのを難しくしたり、高い費用を必要とさせたりする条件

Produced assets, such as machinery and buildings, used to make other goods or provide services.

資本；他の商品やサービスの生産に用いる、機械や建物などの生産された資産

Negotiation between employers and workers' representatives, usually unions, about pay and other employment conditions.

団体交渉；雇用主と、通常は労働組合が務める労働者の代表とが、賃金やその他の雇用条件について交渉すること

The ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.

比較優位；他の生産者より低い機会費用で商品やサービスを生産できること

Rivalry between businesses seeking customers, sales, or other commercial opportunities.

競争；顧客や売上、その他の事業機会を求める企業間の競い合い

Able to attract customers by offering price, quality, or other advantages comparable to those of rival businesses.

競争力のある；価格や品質などの強みで顧客を引き付けられる

Goods commonly used together, so a rise in the price of one tends to reduce demand for the other, other things unchanged.

補完財；一緒に使われることが多く、一方の価格上昇が通常もう一方の需要を減らす商品

To use goods or services to meet needs or wants, rather than to produce them for sale.

消費する；販売用に生産するのではなく、必要や欲求を満たすために商品やサービスを使う

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消費者；転売や事業上の生産ではなく、自ら使うために商品やサービスを得る個人や世帯

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消費；個人や世帯が必要や欲求を満たすために商品やサービスを使うこと

A business organization recognized as a legal entity separate from its owners, who typically hold shares.

会社；通常は株式を保有する所有者とは別の法人として認められた事業組織

A sustained decrease in the general level of prices across an economy.

デフレーション；経済全体の物価水準が持続的に低下すること

The relationship between prices and the quantities of a good or service that buyers are willing and able to purchase during a given period.

需要；一定期間における価格と、買い手が購入する意思と能力を持つ数量との関係

To end someone's employment, usually by a decision of the employer.

解雇する；通常、雇用主の判断で雇用関係を終了する

Income remaining after personal direct taxes and available for spending or saving.

可処分所得；個人にかかる直接税を差し引いた、消費や貯蓄に使える所得

To reduce the size of a business or its workforce, often to lower costs or respond to reduced activity.

規模を縮小する；費用削減や業務減少への対応などのために企業や従業員数を減らす

Relating to the production, distribution, or use of goods and services, or the organization of an economy.

経済に関する；商品やサービスの生産・分配・利用、または経済の仕組みに関わる

An increase over time in an economy's output of goods and services after allowing for price changes.

経済成長；価格変動の影響を除いた、経済全体の商品・サービスの産出の増加

Reductions in average cost per unit that can occur when the scale of production increases.

規模の経済；生産規模の拡大によって生じ得る、単位あたり平均費用の低下

The system of producing, distributing, and using goods and services in a country, region, or other community.

経済；国・地域などの共同体における商品やサービスの生産・分配・利用の仕組み

Describing demand or supply when a price change produces a larger percentage change in quantity, measured by magnitude.

弾力的な；価格の変化率よりも数量の変化率の幅が大きい

To pay someone to do work as a member of an organization's staff.

雇用する；報酬を払って組織の従業員として働いてもらう

A person who works for an employer in return for pay.

従業員；雇用主のもとで働き、報酬を受け取る人

A person or organization that pays people to work as its employees.

雇用主；報酬を払って従業員を雇う個人や組織

The state of having work for pay or profit, or the extent to which such work is available in an economy.

就業；報酬や利益を得る仕事に就いている状態、または経済におけるそのような仕事の状況

A business or organization engaged in commercial activity.

企業；商業活動を行う組織

A person who starts or organizes a business, taking on uncertainty and responsibility in pursuing an opportunity.

起業家；機会を追求するために事業を始めたり組織したりし、不確実性や責任を引き受ける人

Relating to starting or developing a business by recognizing opportunities and organizing resources.

起業に関する；機会を見いだし、資源を組織して事業を始めたり発展させたりすることに関わる