TOEFL語彙

Intended to help improve something through useful suggestions or practical criticism.

建設的な；改善に役立つ

A person or household that obtains goods or services for use rather than for resale or further business production.

消費者；転売や事業上の生産ではなく、自ら使うために商品やサービスを得る個人や世帯

A cultural setting in which buying and using goods plays an important role in identity, status, and everyday life.

消費文化；商品の購入や使用が、自己認識・地位・日常生活に重要な役割を果たす文化的環境

The use of goods and services by people or households to satisfy needs or wants.

消費；個人や世帯が必要や欲求を満たすために商品やサービスを使うこと

able to pass an illness between people

人にうつる；感染性の

to have something inside it or as one of its parts

含む；中に収める

introduce an unwanted substance into water, soil, or another material

汚染する；不純物を混入させる

condition or process of becoming impure through unwanted substances

汚染；不純物の混入

Belonging to the present period rather than to an earlier historical period.

現代の；過去の歴史的時代ではなく現在の時期に属する

to state that a particular view is true, often when other people may disagree

主張する；～だと言い張る

The information or ideas contained in a work or communication.

内容；作品や伝達の中に含まれる情報や考え

the surrounding circumstances or information that help explain the meaning or significance of something

文脈；背景；状況

slow change in the positions of continents

大陸移動

to keep happening or doing something, or to begin doing it again after a break

続ける；継続する；再開する

the continuation or connection of something without a major break

連続性；継続性

conflict with a claim or finding

矛盾する；ある記述、説明、以前の結果と一致しない情報を示す

A conflict between statements or claims that cannot both be true in the same relevant circumstances.

矛盾；関連する条件が同じなら同時には真となりえない記述や主張の衝突

expressing claims that cannot both be true in the same respect

矛盾する；同じ点について同時には成り立たない

A clear difference emphasized by considering things together.

対比；並べて考えることで際立つ明確な違い

to be one of the causes or influences that help produce an outcome

寄与する；～をもたらす一因となる

Something given or done to help achieve a shared result.

貢献；共通の成果を得るために提供する助力、作業、資源

comparison group not receiving treatment

対照群；実験で検証する処置を受けない集団

factor kept steady during a study

統制変数；調べる関係に影響しないよう一定に保つ要因

An established way of behaving that people generally accept within a group or setting.

慣例；広く受け入れられた行動の仕方

following a commonly accepted way of thinking or doing something

従来の；広く受け入れられた方法に従う

An exchange in which people speak with one another, usually in a relatively informal way.

会話；通常は比較的気軽に行う、人と人との言葉のやり取り

To talk with another person or other people in an exchange of ideas or information.

会話する。他の人と考えや情報をやり取りする。

used to introduce a situation in which the relationship just described is reversed

逆に；反対に

to change something from one form, purpose, or system to another

変換する；形や用途を変える