TOEFL語彙

The price of one currency expressed in units of another currency.

為替レート；ある通貨の価格を別の通貨の単位で示したもの

To sell or send goods or services to another country.

輸出する；他国に商品やサービスを販売・送付する

A cost that does not change with the amount produced over the relevant short period and operating range.

固定費；対象とする短期間と操業範囲で、生産量によって変わらない費用

An arrangement allowing some choice about when work begins, ends, or is scheduled, within agreed requirements.

柔軟な勤務時間；合意した条件の範囲で、始業・終業時刻や勤務日程をある程度選べる制度

International exchange conducted with few or no government barriers such as tariffs or import quotas.

自由貿易；関税や輸入割当などの政府による障壁が少ない、またはない国際取引

The total value of final goods and services produced within an economy's territory during a specified period.

国内総生産；一定期間にある経済の領域内で生産された最終財・サービスの総価値

To select and employ someone for paid work.

採用する；有給の仕事のために人を選び、雇う

To buy or bring goods or services from another country for use or sale domestically.

輸入する；国内で使用・販売するために他国から商品やサービスを購入・導入する

A sustained increase in the general level of prices across an economy.

インフレーション；経済全体の物価水準が持続的に上昇すること

A resource used in producing goods or services, such as labor, materials, energy, or equipment.

投入要素；商品やサービスの生産に使う労働、材料、エネルギー、設備などの資源

Interest charged or paid over a stated period, expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed or deposited.

利率；一定期間の利息を借入額や預金額に対する割合で示したもの

Spending that creates or adds to capital goods, buildings, or inventories in the economic production sense.

投資；経済的な生産の意味で、資本財・建物・在庫を新たに作ったり増やしたりする支出

The degree of confidence that a person can keep their job and avoid involuntary loss of employment.

雇用の安定；仕事を保ち、意思に反して失職せずに済むという安心の度合い

A paid position that is available for someone to fill.

求人；人員を募集している有給の職

The physical or mental work people contribute to producing goods and services.

労働；商品やサービスの生産に投入する身体的・知的な仕事

An organization of workers that represents their shared interests in dealings with employers.

労働組合；雇用主との交渉で労働者の共通の利益を代表する組織

The work of directing an organization's activities, or the people responsible for doing so.

経営・管理；組織の活動を指揮する仕事、またはそれを担う人々

Relating to the responsibilities or skills involved in directing a business or supervising its work.

管理職の；事業の指揮や業務の監督に必要な責任・技能に関する

To make goods, usually in substantial quantities with machinery and an organized process.

製造する；通常、機械と組織的な工程を使って商品を大量に作る

An arrangement through which buyers and sellers exchange a particular type of good or service.

市場；特定の商品やサービスを買い手と売り手が交換する仕組み

A firm's sales as a proportion of total sales in a specified market during a given period.

市場占有率；一定期間の特定市場の総売上額や総販売数量に占める企業の割合

To combine two or more businesses into one organization.

合併する；複数の企業を一つの組織にまとめる

The combination of previously separate businesses into one organization.

合併；別々だった企業を一つの組織にまとめること

The lowest rate of pay legally permitted for workers covered by a particular wage rule.

最低賃金；特定の賃金規則の対象となる労働者に認められる最低限の報酬基準

A market arrangement in which one seller supplies a product with no close substitutes and faces barriers protecting its position.

独占；近い代替品のない商品を一つの売り手が供給し、参入障壁に守られている市場構造

To discuss terms with another party in order to reach an agreement, especially about work or business.

交渉する；合意を目指して仕事や取引の条件を相手と話し合う

A market dominated by a small number of large sellers whose decisions affect one another.

寡占；少数の大規模な売り手が主導し、互いの判断に影響を与える市場構造

The value of the best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made.

機会費用；ある選択のために諦める、最善の代替案の価値

The goods or services produced by a firm, industry, or economy, or their quantity over a period.

産出；企業・産業・経済全体が生産する商品やサービス、またはその量